Learn: CPU and the Fetch-Execute Cycle

Welcome!Today we’ll explore the CPU and how the Fetch-Execute Cycle works. Let’s break it down step by step!

What is the CPU?The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often called the ‘brain’ of the computer. It performs calculations, processes instructions, and manages data. Without it, a computer cannot function.

Components of the CPUThe CPU has several key parts:Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) — Performs calculations and logical operations.Control Unit (CU) — Directs the flow of data and instructions within the CPU.Cache — Small, fast memory that stores frequently used data.Registers — Very fast storage locations for temporary data.

What is the Fetch-Execute Cycle?The Fetch-Execute Cycle is the process the CPU uses to carry out instructions. It repeats this cycle for every command the computer executes.

Steps in the Fetch-Execute CycleThe cycle has three main stages:Fetch — The CPU retrieves the next instruction from memory.Decode — The CPU interprets the instruction.Execute — The CPU carries out the instruction.

Registers Used in the Fetch-Execute CycleRegisters are small storage areas in the CPU that help with processing. Key registers include:Program Counter (PC) — Stores the address of the next instruction.Memory Address Register (MAR) — Holds the memory address of the instruction or data.Memory Data Register (MDR) — Temporarily stores the data being transferred.Accumulator — Stores the result of calculations.

Factors Affecting CPU PerformanceThe CPU’s performance can be influenced by:Clock Speed — Higher speed means more instructions per second.Cache Size — Larger cache allows faster access to data.Number of Cores — More cores enable multitasking and parallel processing.

Embedded SystemsEmbedded Systems are computers built into devices like washing machines or cars. They perform specific tasks and are usually very efficient.

Review Time!Great work! You've learned about the CPU, its components, the Fetch-Execute Cycle, and factors affecting performance. Let’s test your understanding with a few questions.