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IGCSEEdexcel

Biology

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Characteristics of living things

The nature and variety of living organisms

Nutrition, respiration and excretion as life processes

The nature and variety of living organisms

Sensitivity, movement, growth and reproduction

The nature and variety of living organisms

Eukaryotes: plants and animals

The nature and variety of living organisms

Eukaryotes: fungi and protoctists

The nature and variety of living organisms

Prokaryotes: bacteria and their key features

The nature and variety of living organisms

Curriculum Modules

Characteristics of living things Nutrition, respiration and excretion as life processes Sensitivity, movement, growth and reproduction Eukaryotes: plants and animals Eukaryotes: fungi and protoctists Prokaryotes: bacteria and their key features Viruses and why they are not living Pathogens and examples of disease-causing organisms

Levels of organisation: organelles to organ systems Cells: structures, functions, and plant vs animal cells Cell differentiation and stem cells in medicine Biological molecules in food (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)Core Practical: Food tests for glucose, starch, protein and fat Enzymes: active sites, catalysis and denaturation Core Practical: Enzyme activity (temperature and pH)Movement across membranes: diffusion, osmosis and active transport Photosynthesis and mineral ions for plant growth Human nutrition, digestion and absorption

Why multicellular organisms need transport systems Transport in plants: xylem, phloem and translocation Transpiration: water uptake, evaporation and factors affecting rate Core Practical: Measuring transpiration rate Blood: components and what plasma transports Immunity: phagocytosis, antibodies, vaccination and blood clotting The heart: structure, function and changing heart rate Blood vessels and the circulation system Excretion and osmoregulation: urinary system and kidney function Coordination and response: nervous system, reflexes, the eye and hormones

Sexual vs asexual reproduction and fertilisation Pollination: insect vs wind pollination Fertilisation in plants: pollen tubes, seeds and fruits Core Practical: Conditions needed for seed germination Germination and early seedling growth Asexual reproduction in plants (runners and cuttings)Human reproductive systems and gametes The menstrual cycle and hormones Pregnancy: placenta, amniotic fluid and embryo development Inheritance and evolution: DNA, genes, variation, mutation and natural selection

Ecosystems: populations, communities, habitats and ecosystems Core Practical: Estimating population size using quadrats Biodiversity and why it matters Core Practical: Measuring distribution and biodiversity with quadrats Abiotic and biotic factors affecting distribution Trophic levels: producers, consumers and decomposers Food chains and food webs Pyramids of number, biomass and energy Energy transfer through ecosystems Cycles and human impacts (carbon cycle, pollution, climate change)

Increasing crop yield: glasshouses, CO₂, temperature and fertilisers Pest control: pesticides vs biological control Microorganisms in food production (bread and yoghurt)Core Practical: Anaerobic respiration in yeast Industrial fermenters and aseptic technique Fish farming for food production Selective breeding in plants and animals Genetic engineering: tools and processes Genetic engineering examples (insulin, GM crops)Cloning: micropropagation and cloning animals

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