Your journey to excellence in
By Revision Genie
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Unit 1
Atoms and Their Structure
Chemical Symbols and Elements
Compounds and Chemical Reactions
Word and Symbol Equations
Mixtures and Their Properties
Separation Techniques for Mixtures
Filtration and Crystallisation
Simple and Fractional Distillation
Chromatography Basics
Development of Atomic Models
The Plum Pudding Model
The Alpha Scattering Experiment
The Nuclear Model of the Atom
Bohr's Atomic Model
Discovery of Protons and Neutrons
Relative Electrical Charges of Subatomic Particles
Atomic Number and Atomic Identity
Size and Mass of Atoms
Isotopes and Mass Numbers
Calculating Numbers of Subatomic Particles
Relative Atomic Mass and Isotopes
Electronic Structure of Atoms
Electron Shell Diagrams
Periodic Table Basics
Atomic Number and Periodic Table Position
Group Properties and Reactivity Trends
Development of the Periodic Table
Mendeleev's Predictions and Gaps
Metals vs Non-Metals
Group 0: Noble Gases
Group 1: Alkali Metals
Group 7: Halogens
Reactivity Trends in Group 1
Reactivity Trends in Group 7
Displacement Reactions of Halogens
Transition Metals Properties
Comparison of Transition Metals and Group 1
Uses of Transition Metal Catalysts
Formation of Coloured Compounds
Unit 2
Bonding, Structure, and the Properties of Matter
Introduction to Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bonding Basics
Dot and Cross Diagrams for Ionic Bonds
Charges of Ions in Ionic Bonding
Structure of Ionic Compounds
Empirical Formula from Ionic Structures
Covalent Bonding Basics
Dot and Cross Diagrams for Covalent Bonds
Molecular Structures and Limitations
Polymers and Repeating Units
Giant Covalent Structures
Metallic Bonding Basics
Delocalised Electrons in Metals
States of Matter Overview
Changes of State and Energy Transfers
Limitations of Particle Theory
State Symbols in Chemical Equations
Properties of Ionic Compounds
Properties of Small Molecules
Intermolecular Forces vs Covalent Bonds
Properties of Polymers
Properties of Giant Covalent Structures
Properties of Metals
Why Alloys are Harder than Metals
Metals as Electrical Conductors
Metals as Thermal Conductors
Structure and Properties of Diamond
Structure and Properties of Graphite
Graphene and Its Properties
Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes
Introduction to Nanoscience
Surface Area to Volume Ratio in Nanoparticles
Comparing Nano and Bulk Properties
Applications of Nanoparticles
Risks and Benefits of Nanoparticles
Unit 3
Quantitative Chemistry
The Law of Conservation of Mass
Balancing Chemical Equations
Understanding Relative Formula Mass (Mr)
Calculating Percentage Composition by Mass
Mass Changes in Reactions Involving Gases
Explaining Mass Changes Using Particle Models
Uncertainty in Chemical Measurements
Introduction to Moles (HT Only)
Avogadro's Constant and Its Significance
Calculating Moles from Mass
Using Moles in Balanced Equations (HT Only)
Balancing Equations Using Moles (HT Only)
Understanding Limiting Reactants (HT Only)
Concentration in g/dm³
Calculating Mass of Solute from Concentration
Percentage Yield and Its Calculation
Factors Affecting Percentage Yield
Understanding Atom Economy
Calculating Atom Economy from Equations
Choosing Reaction Pathways Based on Atom Economy (HT Only)
Concentration in mol/dm³ (HT Only)
Calculating Moles from Concentration (HT Only)
Using Titration to Find Concentration (HT Only)
Volumes of Gases at Room Temperature (HT Only)
Calculating Volume of Gas from Mass (HT Only)
Using Gas Volumes in Balanced Equations (HT Only)
Changing the Subject of Equations in Quantitative Chemistry
Using Ratios and Percentages in Chemistry Calculations
Significant Figures in Chemistry Calculations
Common Exam Pitfalls in Quantitative Chemistry
Unit 4
Chemical Changes
Oxidation as Gain of Oxygen
Reduction as Loss of Oxygen
Reactivity Series of Metals
Reactions of Metals with Water
Reactions of Metals with Acids
Displacement Reactions of Metals
Extraction of Metals Using Carbon
Unreactive Metals in Nature
Oxidation and Reduction in Electron Terms
Writing Ionic Equations for Redox Reactions
Reactions of Acids with Metals
Neutralisation: Acids and Alkalis
Neutralisation: Acids and Bases
Reactions of Acids with Carbonates
Predicting Products of Acid Reactions
Producing Soluble Salts from Acids
Practical: Preparing Soluble Salts
The pH Scale and Indicators
Neutralisation Reaction Equation
Strong Acids vs Weak Acids
Concentration and pH Relationship
Dilute vs Concentrated Acids
Electrolysis Process Overview
Electrolysis of Molten Ionic Compounds
Electrolysis to Extract Metals
Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions
Products at Electrodes in Electrolysis
Half Equations for Electrolysis Reactions
Practical: Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions
Energy Requirements in Electrolysis
Why Positive Electrodes Erode in Electrolysis
Unit 5
Energy Changes
Exothermic Reactions
Endothermic Reactions
Energy Changes in Reactions
Reaction Profiles Overview
Exothermic Reaction Profiles
Endothermic Reaction Profiles
Activation Energy in Reaction Profiles
Interpreting Reaction Profile Diagrams
Bond Energy Basics
Breaking Bonds: Energy Requirement
Making Bonds: Energy Release
Bond Energy Calculations
Worked Example: Bond Energy Calculation
Energy Change Formula
Using Energy Change Formula in Calculations
Exothermic vs Endothermic Energy Calculations
Conservation of Energy in Reactions
Exam Tips for Reaction Profiles
Common Errors in Bond Energy Calculations
Required Practical: Temperature Changes
Investigating Exothermic Reactions Practically
Investigating Endothermic Reactions Practically
Graphing Temperature Changes in Reactions
Evaluating Practical Results: Energy Changes
Using Reaction Profiles to Predict Reaction Type
Energy Changes in Everyday Processes
Applications of Exothermic Reactions
Applications of Endothermic Reactions
Energy Changes in Combustion
Energy Changes in Dissolving
Energy Changes in Neutralisation
Energy Changes in Displacement Reactions
Comparing Energy Changes in Different Reactions
The Role of Catalysts in Energy Changes
Exam Skills: Interpreting Energy Data
Exam Skills: Writing About Energy Changes
Exam Skills: Explaining Reaction Profiles
Unit 6
The Rate and Extent of Chemical Change
Defining Reaction Rate
Measuring Reaction Rates
Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
Effect of Pressure on Reaction Rate
Effect of Surface Area on Reaction Rate
Role of Catalysts in Reactions
Collision Theory Basics
Activation Energy and Reaction Rate
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
Interpreting Maxwell-Boltzmann Curves
Required Practical: Investigating Reaction Rates
Graphing Reaction Rates
Calculating Reaction Rates from Graphs
Reversible Reactions Overview
Energy Changes in Reversible Reactions
Dynamic Equilibrium Explained
Conditions for Dynamic Equilibrium
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium
Effect of Pressure on Equilibrium
Effect of Concentration on Equilibrium
Industrial Applications of Equilibrium
Haber Process and Equilibrium
Examining Catalysts in Equilibrium Systems
Common Misconceptions in Reaction Rates
Common Misconceptions in Equilibrium
Identifying Limiting Factors in Reaction Rates
Interpreting Rate of Reaction Data
Factors Affecting Rate: Summary and Comparison
Equilibrium Position and Yield
Graphical Analysis of Equilibrium Shifts
Balancing Reaction Rate and Equilibrium in Industry
Unit 7
Organic Chemistry
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Definition of Hydrocarbons
Properties of Carbon
Definition and Structure of Alkanes
Naming Alkanes
Physical Properties of Alkanes
Chemical Properties of Alkanes
Combustion of Alkanes
Definition and Structure of Alkenes
Naming Alkenes
Physical Properties of Alkenes
Chemical Properties of Alkenes
Addition Reactions of Alkenes
Testing for Alkenes with Bromine Water
Definition and Structure of Alcohols
Naming Alcohols
Physical Properties of Alcohols
Chemical Properties of Alcohols
Combustion of Alcohols
Oxidation of Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids
Uses of Alcohols
Definition and Structure of Carboxylic Acids
Naming Carboxylic Acids
Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Reactions of Carboxylic Acids with Metals and Bases
Esterification Reaction with Carboxylic Acids
Definition of Polymers
Addition Polymerisation
Monomers in Addition Polymers
Structure of Addition Polymers
Condensation Polymerisation
Monomers in Condensation Polymers
Structure of Condensation Polymers
Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry
Homologous Series in Organic Chemistry
Crude Oil as a Source of Hydrocarbons
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Fractions from Crude Oil
Uses of Crude Oil Fractions
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
Thermal Cracking Process
Catalytic Cracking Process
Products of Cracking
Environmental Issues with Crude Oil Use
Biofuels vs Fossil Fuels
Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources in Organic Chemistry
Exam Trap: Confusing Alkanes and Alkenes
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Polymer Structures
Exam Trap: Misunderstanding Cracking Reactions
Exam Trap: Incorrect Naming of Organic Compounds
Unit 8
Chemical Analysis
Definition of Pure Substances
Impurities and Their Effects on Melting and Boiling Points
Testing for Purity
Understanding Formulations
Examples of Formulations in Everyday Products
Introduction to Chromatography
Paper Chromatography Method
Interpreting Chromatograms
Calculating Rf Values
Factors Affecting Rf Values
Applications of Chromatography in Industry
Required Practical: Paper Chromatography
Testing for Carbonates Using Dilute Acid
Testing for Halide Ions Using Silver Nitrate Solution
Testing for Sulfates Using Barium Chloride Solution
Flame Tests for Metal Ions
Colors in Flame Tests
Testing for Metal Ions Using Sodium Hydroxide Solution
Precipitate Colors for Metal Hydroxides
Introduction to Gas Tests
Test for Hydrogen Gas
Test for Oxygen Gas
Test for Carbon Dioxide Gas
Test for Chlorine Gas
Test for Ammonia Gas
Common Errors in Chromatography Experiments
Exam Technique: Interpreting Chromatograms
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Rf Values
Exam Technique: Writing Balanced Chemical Equations for Tests
Exam Trap: Confusing Flame Test Colors
Exam Trap: Misidentifying Gas Test Results
Safety Precautions During Chemical Testing
Practical Skills: Handling Reagents and Equipment
Understanding the Role of Solvents in Chromatography
Why Chromatography is a Physical Process
The Importance of Reference Substances in Chromatography
The Role of Stationary and Mobile Phases in Chromatography
Using Chromatography to Identify Food Dyes
Limitations of Chromatography
Qualitative vs Quantitative Analysis in Chemical Testing
Understanding the Importance of Chemical Analysis in Everyday Life
Unit 9
Chemistry of the Atmosphere
Earth's Early Atmosphere Composition
Formation of Earth's Atmosphere
Volcanic Activity and Atmospheric Gases
Development of Oxygen in the Atmosphere
Formation of Oceans and Carbon Dioxide Reduction
The Role of Photosynthesis in Oxygen Increase
Evolution of Complex Life and Atmospheric Changes
Current Composition of Earth's Atmosphere
Greenhouse Gases and Their Sources
Role of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere
Effects of Greenhouse Gases on Earth's Temperature
Human Activities Increasing Greenhouse Gases
Impact of Deforestation on Carbon Dioxide Levels
Burning Fossil Fuels and CO2 Emissions
Agriculture and Methane Emissions
Waste Management and Methane Production
Consequences of Climate Change
Global Warming and Rising Sea Levels
Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change
Impact of Climate Change on Ecosystems
International Agreements on Climate Change
Carbon Footprint and Reduction Strategies
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Renewable Energy Sources to Combat Climate Change
Atmospheric Pollutants and Their Sources
Formation of Sulfur Dioxide and Acid Rain
Effects of Acid Rain on Environment and Buildings
Formation and Impact of Carbon Monoxide
Particulates and Their Environmental Effects
Nitrogen Oxides and Their Role in Pollution
Incomplete Combustion and Pollutants
Health Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants
Air Quality Monitoring and Regulation
Strategies to Reduce Air Pollution
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Greenhouse Gas Effects
Exam Trap: Confusing Early and Current Atmosphere
Diagram: Greenhouse Effect Process
Diagram: Earth's Atmospheric Composition Over Time
Worked Example: Calculating Carbon Footprint
Worked Example: Interpreting Climate Change Data
Worked Example: Effects of Sulfur Dioxide on pH
Definition: Greenhouse Gas
Definition: Carbon Footprint
Definition: Atmospheric Pollutant
Definition: Climate Change
Definition: Acid Rain
Definition: Global Warming
Definition: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Definition: Particulates
Definition: Nitrogen Oxides
Definition: Incomplete Combustion
Unit 10
Using Resources
Finite and Renewable Resources
Examples of Finite Resources
Examples of Renewable Resources
The Importance of Sustainable Resource Use
Potable Water Definition
Sources of Potable Water
Steps in Treating Potable Water
Desalination Methods
Reverse Osmosis in Water Treatment
Distillation in Water Treatment
Testing Water Quality
Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)
Stages of a Life Cycle Assessment
Environmental Impact in LCAs
Limitations of Life Cycle Assessments
Recycling and Its Benefits
Materials Suitable for Recycling
Processes Used in Recycling
Challenges of Recycling
Economic and Environmental Benefits of Recycling
Sustainable Development Definition
Examples of Sustainable Practices
Balancing Economic, Social, and Environmental Factors
Alternative Materials for Sustainability
Reducing Waste in Manufacturing
Using Resources Efficiently
Impact of Resource Use on the Environment
The Role of Chemistry in Sustainability
Carbon Footprint of Materials
Reducing Carbon Footprint in Resource Use
Circular Economy Principles
Advantages of a Circular Economy
Challenges in Implementing Circular Economy
Case Studies of Sustainable Resource Use
Examining the Impact of Mining on Resources
Impact of Resource Extraction on Ecosystems
The Role of Legislation in Resource Management
Global Perspectives on Resource Sustainability
Exam Trap: Confusing Potable Water with Pure Water
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting LCAs
Exam Trap: Overlooking Recycling Limitations
Exam Trap: Confusing Renewable and Sustainable
Worked Example: Interpreting an LCA Diagram
Worked Example: Evaluating Recycling Processes
Worked Example: Comparing Desalination Methods
Worked Example: Identifying Sustainable Practices
Unit 11
Key Ideas
Atoms and Elements
Mixtures and Separation Techniques
Physical and Chemical Changes
The Conservation of Mass
The Particle Model of Matter
States of Matter
Changes of State
The Periodic Table Overview
Groups and Periods in the Periodic Table
Metals and Non-Metals
Chemical Bonding Overview
Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Metallic Bonding
Properties of Covalent Substances
Properties of Metals and Alloys
Carbon Structures: Diamond and Graphite
Nanoparticles and Their Properties
Uses of Nanoparticles
Chemical Equations and Balancing
Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Formula Mass
Moles and Avogadro's Constant
Concentration of Solutions
Percentage Yield in Reactions
Atom Economy and Sustainability
Extraction of Metals
Oxidation and Reduction
Acids and Alkalis
The pH Scale
Neutralisation Reactions
Making Soluble Salts
Electrolysis Overview
Using Electrolysis to Extract Metals
The Importance of Peer Review in Science
Scientific Models and Their Development
Ethical Considerations in Chemistry
Risk and Safety in Chemistry Experiments
Communicating Scientific Concepts
Mathematical Skills in Chemistry
Prefixes and Powers of Ten
Interpreting Data and Graphs in Chemistry
Uncertainty in Measurements
Unit 12
Archive
What an element is, and why elements are listed in the periodic table
Elements, compounds, and mixtures: spotting the difference
Chemical bonds as electrostatic attractions
Relative formula mass: calculating from the periodic table
Acids, alkalis, and the pH scale
Exothermic vs endothermic reactions: energy transfer idea
What “rate of reaction” means in practical terms
Crude oil as a finite resource and why we process it
Pure substances and why melting/boiling points matter
Proportions of gases in the atmosphere
Using finite resources sustainably
Making a soluble salt and producing crystals (chemistry-only)
How compounds form from elements
Simple model of the atom: nucleus and electrons
Ionic bonding: metal + non-metal electron transfer
The mole as “amount of substance”
Indicators: colour changes and what they show
Reaction profiles: what axes and shapes mean
Measuring rate by gas volume, mass loss, or colour change
Hydrocarbons and what “saturated” means
Chromatography basics: stationary vs mobile phase
How Earth’s early atmosphere formed (volcanoes, oceans, oxygen rise)
Life cycle assessments: what’s included and what’s missed
Titration: finding the reacting volumes accurately (chemistry-only)
Mixtures, pure substances, and why separation works
Protons, neutrons, and electrons: charges and relative masses
Drawing dot-and-cross diagrams for ions and ionic compounds
Converting between mass, moles, and Mr
Neutralisation: making salts and water
Activation energy on a reaction profile
Calculating mean rate from data
Alkanes: general formula and bonding
Interpreting chromatograms: spots, colours, and separation
The greenhouse effect: what it is and why it happens
Reducing, reusing, and recycling: where each fits best
Electrolysis: products at electrodes and half equations
Conservation of mass in chemical reactions
Atomic number and mass number
Ionic lattices and why ionic compounds have high melting points
Balancing equations to calculate reacting masses
Naming salts from the acid used
Bond breaking vs bond making: where energy goes
Drawing and interpreting rate graphs
Fractional distillation: separating crude oil by boiling point
Calculating Rf values (Higher)
Human causes of climate change: greenhouse gases
Extracting metals: mining vs recycling (energy and pollution)
Temperature change: comparing exothermic and endothermic reactions
Why chemical equations must be balanced
Working out numbers of subatomic particles from isotope notation
Why ionic compounds conduct when molten/in solution but not solid
Limiting reactants (Higher)
Reactions of acids with metals: salt + hydrogen
Calculating energy change using bond energies (Higher)
Tangents and instantaneous rate (Higher)
Properties of fractions: patterns with chain length
Flame tests for common metal ions
Effects of climate change: environmental and societal impacts
Corrosion as a waste of resources and how prevention helps
Rates of reaction: investigating concentration effects (gas/colour methods)
Writing state symbols: (s), (l), (g), (aq)
Isotopes: what changes and what stays the same
Covalent bonding: sharing electrons
Conserving atoms when predicting products
Reactions of acids with carbonates: salt + water + carbon dioxide
Temperature changes and how to measure them safely
Collision theory: why particles must collide
Cracking: why we do it and what we make
Precipitation tests for halide ions (chloride, bromide, iodide)
Carbon footprint and reducing emissions
Alloys: why mixing metals changes properties
Chromatography: separating dyes and calculating Rf values
Using scientific vocabulary precisely in exam answers
Relative atomic mass: why it’s not a whole number
Dot-and-cross diagrams for simple covalent molecules
Theoretical yield: meaning and calculation (Higher)
Making a soluble salt from an insoluble base (method + reasoning)
Neutralisation temperature change: what affects the result
Activation energy in collision theory terms
Alkenes: double bonds and general formula
Sulfate test and the precipitate colour
Atmospheric pollutants: CO, SO₂, NOₓ, particulates
Ceramics: properties, uses, and limitations
Identifying ions: using flame tests and precipitation tests
Using units correctly in chemistry calculations
Electron shells and electron arrangement for the first 20 elements
Comparing simple molecular substances and giant structures
Percentage yield: calculation and why it’s less than 100%
Crystallisation: producing a pure dry sample
Fuels and energy transfer in combustion
Temperature and rate: frequency and energy of collisions
Testing for alkenes using bromine water
Carbon dioxide test using limewater
Acid rain: formation and effects
Polymers: thermosoftening vs thermosetting (Higher)
Water purification: analysing and producing potable water (AQA)
Significant figures and standard form in chemistry contexts
Why atoms form ions: gaining and losing electrons
Metallic bonding: positive ions and delocalised electrons
Atom economy: calculation and linking to sustainability
Strong vs weak acids: what “weak” means (Higher)
Comparing fuels using energy per mass (Higher)
Concentration/pressure and rate: collision frequency
Addition reactions of alkenes (concept + examples)
Hydrogen test using a lit splint
Controlling sulfur dioxide emissions from fuels
Composites: why combining materials improves performance
Identifying independent, dependent, and control variables
Development of the atom: changing models with evidence
Explaining conductivity and malleability in metals
Concentration in g/dm³ and converting units
Electrolytes and why ions are needed for conduction
Evaluating errors in temperature-change practicals
Surface area and rate: surface area to volume ratio
Addition polymerisation: making polymers from alkenes
Oxygen test using a glowing splint
Photochemical smog: formation and impact (Higher)
Haber process: making ammonia and why it matters
Writing a testable hypothesis
Periodic table layout: periods and groups
Giant covalent structures: diamond and graphite
Concentration in mol/dm³ (Higher)
Electrolysis of molten ionic compounds
Catalysts and how they work (lower activation energy)
Comparing properties of small alkenes vs polymers
Chlorine test using damp litmus paper
Corrosion and rusting: oxygen and water needed
Conditions in Haber process: equilibrium vs rate vs cost
Accuracy, precision, and repeatability in measurements
Metals vs non-metals: key physical properties
Graphene: structure and properties
Using concentration to calculate moles in solution
Electrolysis of aqueous solutions: competing ions (Higher)
Enzymes as biological catalysts
Ethanol production by fermentation: conditions and equation
Instrumental analysis: speed, accuracy, sensitivity
Preventing rust: barrier methods, galvanising, sacrificial protection
NPK fertilisers and why plants need nitrates/phosphates/potassium
Reducing uncertainty: repeats, ranges, and anomalies
Group 0: why noble gases are unreactive
Silicon dioxide as a giant covalent structure
Gas volumes and moles at room temperature (Higher)
Half equations for electrolysis at each electrode (Higher)
Reversible reactions and the reversible reaction symbol
Ethanol production by hydration of ethene (Higher)
Gas chromatography basics (Higher)
Water as a resource: potable water and why it matters
Producing fertilisers: making ammonia as a starting point
Risk assessment: hazards, risks, and control measures
Group 1: reactions with water and trends down the group
Polymers: long chains and low melting points
Titration calculations: building a clear method (Higher)
Metal extraction basics: reduction and oxidation
Dynamic equilibrium: forward rate equals reverse rate
Comparing fermentation vs hydration (yield, rate, purity)
Mass spectrometry basics (Higher)
Treating water: filtration, sterilisation, and distillation
Using fertilisers responsibly: eutrophication and environmental issues
Interpreting graphs and spotting proportionality
Group 7: halogens, displacement, and trends down the group
Intermolecular forces and boiling point trends (Higher)
Using ratios in balanced equations confidently
Oxidation and reduction using electron transfer (Higher)
Shifting equilibrium by concentration (Higher)
Carboxylic acids: acids in organic chemistry (Higher)
Identifying elements from spectra (Higher)
Desalination: benefits and energy costs (Higher)
Transition metals: key differences from Group 1 (including catalysts)
States of matter: particle model and energy changes
Redox in terms of oxygen loss/gain (foundation-friendly)
Shifting equilibrium by temperature (Higher)
Esters: making esters and recognising the smell (Higher)
Making a reasoned identification from multiple tests
What a “displacement reaction” means in terms of reactivity
Internal energy and what changes during heating/cooling (Higher)
Shifting equilibrium by pressure (Higher)
Condensation polymerisation basics (Higher)
Density: how to calculate and interpret
Le Chatelier’s principle for predictions (Higher)
Changes of state and what a heating curve shows
Choosing conditions for yield, rate, cost, and safety (Haber-style)
Nanoparticles: what “nano” means and why properties change
Uses and risks of nanoparticles
Ionic, Metallic, and Covalent Bonding
ionic bonding, metallic bonding and covalent bnding , sll in one
