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A-LevelAQA
Biology
Exam Questions
Monomers, polymers, condensation and hydrolysisNewCarbohydrates: structure, roles and testsNewLipids: triglycerides, phospholipids and testsNewProteins: structure (primary–quaternary) and functionsNewEnzymes: induced fit, factors affecting rate and inhibitionNewRequired practical 1: enzyme-controlled reaction ratesNewDNA and RNA structureNewDNA replication (semi-conservative)NewATP and energy transferNewWater and inorganic ions (including pH and buffers)New
Eukaryotic cells and organellesNewProkaryotic cells, viruses and virus replicationNewMicroscopes: magnification, resolution and measuring cellsNewCell fractionation and ultracentrifugationNewThe cell cycle and mitosisNewRequired practical 2: root tip squashes and mitotic indexNewCell membranes and transport (diffusion, osmosis, active transport)NewRequired practical 3: water potential in plant tissue (calibration curve)NewRequired practical 4: investigating membrane permeabilityNewCell recognition and the immune system (including HIV and monoclonal antibodies)New
Surface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesNewGas exchange in insects (tracheal system)NewGas exchange in fish (gills and countercurrent flow)NewGas exchange in plants (leaf structure and stomata)NewGas exchange in mammals (lungs and ventilation)NewDigestion and absorption (enzymes, ileum, co-transport)NewMass transport in mammals (heart, vessels, tissue fluid and lymph)NewHaemoglobin and oxygen dissociation curvesNewMass transport in plants (xylem, transpiration, phloem translocation)NewRequired practical 5: dissection of a gas exchange or mass transport system/organNew
DNA, genes, chromosomes and the genetic codeNewTranscription (including RNA processing)NewTranslation and protein synthesisNewMutations and their effectsNewMeiosis and how variation is generatedNewGenetic diversity and natural selectionNewInvestigating antimicrobial substances (aseptic technique)NewRequired practical 6: antimicrobials and microbial growthNewClassification and phylogenetic relationshipsNewBiodiversity sampling and using data to compare habitatsNew
Photosynthesis overview and limiting factorsNewRequired practical 7: chromatography of photosynthetic pigmentsNewLight-dependent reactions and photophosphorylationNewLight-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)NewRespiration: glycolysis and anaerobic pathwaysNewRespiration: link reaction, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylationNewRequired practical 8: dehydrogenase activity in chloroplast extractsNewRequired practical 9: respiration rate in single-celled organismsNewEnergy transfer in ecosystems (trophic levels, pyramids, efficiency)NewNutrient cycles and fertiliser impacts (nitrogen/phosphorus, eutrophication)New
Stimuli, receptors and effectorsNewPlant responses: tropisms and IAA (auxin)NewAnimal movement: taxis and kinesisNewRequired practical 10: investigating animal responses (choice chambers/mazes)NewNeurones and the nervous systemNewAction potentials and transmission speedNewSynapses and neuromuscular junctionsNewMuscle contraction and the sliding filament modelNewHomeostasis and negative feedbackNewBlood glucose control (insulin, glucagon and diabetes)NewRequired practical 11: glucose calibration curve (colorimetry)NewOsmoregulation: kidney, nephron and ADHNew
Monohybrid and dihybrid inheritanceNewCodominance, multiple alleles and sex linkageNewLinkage and interpreting genetic crossesNewChi-squared test for genetic ratiosNewPopulations, gene pools and allele frequenciesNewHardy–Weinberg calculations and assumptionsNewNatural selection, genetic drift and speciationNewEcosystems: populations, communities and successionNewConservation and maintaining biodiversityNewRequired practical 12: distribution of organisms in a habitat (fieldwork)New
Control of transcription and translationNewGene regulation, mutations and cancerNewCell differentiation and developmentNewStem cells and ethical considerationsNewEpigenetics (methylation and histone modification)NewRNA interference and post-transcriptional controlNewGenome projects, sequencing and bioinformaticsNewRecombinant DNA: enzymes, vectors and transformationNewPCR, electrophoresis and DNA probesNewGenetic fingerprinting: methods, uses and ethicsNew
