Your journey to excellence inCriminology
By Revision Genie
What “criminal”, “deviant” and “antisocial” mean in criminology
Questions are written as you practise.
White collar crime: organised, corporate and professional
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Moral crime and “moral offences”
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State crime: human rights abuses
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Technological crime: e-crime and cyber-enabled offences
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Individual crime: hate crime
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Individual crime: honour crime
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Individual crime: domestic abuse
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Analysing crime by offence type, victim type and offender type
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Analysing crime by level of public awareness
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Why crimes go unreported: fear and intimidation
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Why crimes go unreported: shame and stigma
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Why crimes go unreported: disinterest and “not affected”
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Why crimes go unreported: lack of knowledge and complexity
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Why crimes go unreported: lack of media interest and low public concern
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Culture-bound crime and barriers to reporting
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Unreported crime case focus: domestic abuse
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Unreported crime case focus: sexual offences (including rape)
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Unreported crime case focus: vandalism and “minor” property crime
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Unreported crime case focus: perceived victimless crimes
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Consequences of unreported crime: the ripple effect
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Consequences of unreported crime: unrecorded crime and distorted priorities
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Consequences of unreported crime: decriminalisation and legal change
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Consequences of unreported crime: procedural change and police prioritisation
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News and newspaper representations of crime
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TV and documentary representations of crime
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Film and drama representations of crime
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Social media representations of crime: blogs and networking
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Gaming and music representations of crime
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Moral panic: what it is and how it forms
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Stereotyping offenders and “ideal victims”
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Media impact on perceptions of crime trends
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Media impact on fear of crime and attitudes to punishment
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Comparing crime sources: Home Office stats vs CSEW
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Reliability, validity and ethics in crime data collection
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Strengths and limitations of official statistics
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Strengths and limitations of victimisation surveys
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What a “campaign for change” is and what it tries to achieve
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Campaign aims: changing policy, law, funding and agency priorities
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Campaign aims: changing awareness and public attitudes
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Comparing campaigns: purpose, audience, methods and outcomes
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Measuring campaign effectiveness against objectives
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Media types in campaigns: blogs, viral messaging and social networking
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Media types in campaigns: advertising, radio and television
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Media types in campaigns: film, documentary and print
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Evaluating campaign media: reach, persuasion and audience targeting
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Choosing a crime-related campaign focus for planning
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Setting aims and objectives for a campaign plan
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Defining and justifying the target audience
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Selecting methods, media and materials for the campaign
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Building a campaign budget and financial justification
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Creating timescales, resource plans and roles
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Designing campaign materials: structure and sequencing information
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Designing campaign materials: images and attention-grabbing features
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Designing campaign materials: persuasive language and calls to action
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Designing campaign materials: align with aims and audience
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Designing materials: leaflet conventions
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Designing materials: poster and advert conventions
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Designing materials: blog and social page conventions
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Writing a justification: presenting a clear case for action
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Using evidence to support a campaign argument
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Referencing credible sources for campaign work (controlled assessment focus)
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Crime and deviance: similarities and differences
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Social construction of criminality: how laws vary by culture
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Social construction of criminality: how laws change over time
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Social construction of criminality: context and circumstance in applying law
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Social construction of criminality: why groups experience law differently
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How “unreported crime” links to social constructions of crime
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Biological explanations: what “genetic theories” claim
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Jacobs XYY study: claims and evaluation points
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Twin and adoption studies: what they test and what they suggest
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Physiological explanations: Lombroso and atavism
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Physiological explanations: Sheldon and body types
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Individualistic explanations: learning theories overview
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Social learning theory: Bandura and modelling crime
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Individualistic explanations: psychodynamic overview
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Psychodynamic explanation: Freud (id/ego/superego) and offending
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Individualistic explanations: psychological traits overview
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Personality explanation: Eysenck and criminal personality
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Sociological explanations: social structure overview
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Marxism: crime, power and inequality
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Functionalism: crime as normal, functions and strain/anomie links
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Sociological explanations: interactionism overview
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Labelling: primary/secondary deviance and self-fulfilling prophecy
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Sociological explanations: realism overview
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Left realism: relative deprivation, marginalisation and subcultures
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Right realism: individual responsibility, control and opportunity
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Applying theories to crime types: person/property crime
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Applying theories to white collar and corporate crime
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Applying theories to state and moral crimes
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Applying theories to individual behaviour in case scenarios
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Evaluating theories: strengths, weaknesses and evidence base
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Comparing theories: which best explains which crimes (and why)
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How theories influence policy: informal vs formal policy making
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Crime control policies and the theories behind them
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State punishment policies and the theories behind them
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Policy examples through theory: zero tolerance, CCTV and penal populism
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Policy examples through theory: restorative justice and multi-agency approaches
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Social change and policy: values, norms, mores and shifting attitudes
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Social change and policy: demographic change and social structure
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Social change and policy: cultural change and public perception of crime
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Campaigns and policy making: newspaper campaigns
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Campaigns and policy making: individual campaigns
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Campaigns and policy making: pressure group campaigns
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What happens after a crime is detected: the investigation pathway
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Crime scene investigators: role and typical tasks
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Forensic specialists and forensic scientists: roles and differences
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Police officers and detectives: investigative decision-making
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The CPS in investigations: working relationship with police
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Pathologists and cause-of-death evidence
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Other agencies: SOCA and HMRC (why they get involved)
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Evaluating effectiveness of roles: cost limitations
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Evaluating effectiveness of roles: expertise limitations
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Evaluating effectiveness of roles: availability limitations
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Forensic techniques: fingerprints, DNA and trace evidence basics
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Surveillance techniques: physical and digital surveillance overview
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Profiling techniques: what profiling can and can’t do
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Intelligence databases: National DNA Database and investigative value
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Interviewing eyewitnesses: reliability and procedure basics
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Interviewing experts: purpose and limits
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Matching techniques: crime scene vs lab vs station vs “street”
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Matching techniques to crime types: violent crime investigations
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Matching techniques to crime types: e-crime investigations
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Matching techniques to crime types: property crime investigations
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Physical evidence vs testimonial evidence: key differences
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Evidence processing: collection and contamination risks
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Evidence processing: transfer and continuity
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Evidence processing: storage and chain of custody
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Evidence processing: analysis and interpretation
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Who processes evidence: roles and accountability
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Evidence in case studies: how processing affected outcomes (Barry George)
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Evidence in case studies: how processing affected outcomes (Sally Clarke)
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Evidence in case studies: how processing affected outcomes (Angela Cannings)
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Evidence in case studies: how processing affected outcomes (Amanda Knox)
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Rights of suspects during investigation and interview
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Rights of victims during investigation and trial preparation
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Rights of witnesses and witness protection considerations
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Rights through to appeal: what “safeguards” look like
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CPS legal framework: charging role and why it matters
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Prosecution of Offences Act and CPS responsibilities
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Full Code Test: evidential stage
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Full Code Test: public interest stage
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Pre-trial processes: case building and case management
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Bail decisions: purposes and risks
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Court personnel roles: judge, prosecution, defence and legal teams
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Plea bargaining: what it is and impacts on justice
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Courts: magistrates’ court vs Crown Court pathways
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Appeals: why appeals happen and what they challenge
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Rules of evidence: relevance and admissibility
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Disclosure of evidence: purpose and fairness
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Hearsay rule and key exceptions
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Evidence rules shaped by legislation and case law
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Influences on outcomes: strength and type of evidence
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Influences on outcomes: media pressure and publicity
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Influences on outcomes: witness credibility and errors
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Influences on outcomes: expert evidence and expert bias
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Influences on outcomes: politics and policy climate
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Influences on outcomes: judiciary and judicial directions
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Influences on outcomes: barristers and legal strategy
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Laypeople in criminal cases: the role of juries
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Laypeople in criminal cases: the role of magistrates
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Strengths and weaknesses of jury decision-making
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Strengths and weaknesses of lay magistrates
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Reviewing information sources: what “validity” means in practice
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Testing for bias, opinion and context in case materials
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Testing for currency and accuracy in case materials
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Using evidence, transcripts, judgements and Law Reports as sources
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Drawing conclusions: what makes a verdict “safe”
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Drawing conclusions: what makes a verdict “just”
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Miscarriages of justice: warning signs from evidence
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Judging sentencing as “just” using case info (controlled assessment focus)
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The criminal justice system in England and Wales: what it is for
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Law making via government processes: how legislation is created
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Law making via judicial processes: judges and case law
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Linking law making to campaign pressure and public opinion
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Criminal justice system agencies: police functions in the wider system
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Criminal justice system agencies: courts and decision-making roles
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Criminal justice system agencies: formal punishment and enforcement
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Relationships between agencies: cooperation and tension points
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Models of criminal justice: due process model
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Models of criminal justice: crime control model
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Comparing due process and crime control in real scenarios
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Social control: internal forms (rational ideology)
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Social control: internal forms (tradition)
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Social control: internalisation of rules and morality
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Social control: external forms (coercion)
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Social control: external forms (fear of punishment)
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Control theory: why people obey the law
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Aims of punishment: retribution
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Aims of punishment: rehabilitation
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Aims of punishment: deterrence (reducing reoffending)
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Aims of punishment: deterrence (deterring others)
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Aims of punishment: public protection
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Aims of punishment: reparation
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Forms of punishment: imprisonment
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Forms of punishment: community sentences
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Forms of punishment: financial penalties
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Forms of punishment: discharge
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Assessing punishment forms against aims: what “effective” looks like
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Agencies in social control: police (aims, funding, philosophy, practices)
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Agencies in social control: CPS (aims, funding, philosophy, practices)
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Agencies in social control: judiciary (aims, funding, philosophy, practices)
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Agencies in social control: prisons (aims, funding, philosophy, practices)
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Agencies in social control: probation (aims, funding, philosophy, practices)
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Charities as social control agencies: roles and reach
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Pressure groups as social control agencies: roles and influence
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Agency contributions: environmental approaches (design, gated lanes)
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Agency contributions: behavioural approaches (ASBOs, token economy)
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Agency contributions: institutional and disciplinary approaches
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Agency contributions: rule making and staged/phased systems
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Gaps in state provision and how non-state agencies respond
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Limits on social control: repeat offenders and recidivism
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Limits on social control: civil liberties and legal barriers
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Limits on social control: resources, support and finance
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Limits on social control: local vs national policy constraints
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Limits on social control: environmental constraints on prevention
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Limits on social control: “moral imperative” offending
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Evaluating agency effectiveness using evidence and sources
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Evaluating sources about agencies: bias, opinion and circumstances
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Evaluating sources about agencies: currency and accuracy
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