Learn: Tectonic Hazards

Welcome!Today we’ll learn about tectonic hazards. These are natural events caused by movements of Earth's plates, such as earthquakes and volcanoes. Let’s explore why they occur and how they impact people and the environment.

What are tectonic hazards?Tectonic hazards are events caused by plate movements on Earth's crust. They include earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. These hazards can cause major damage to buildings, infrastructure, and lives, particularly in vulnerable areas.

Plate tectonics theoryEarth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that float on the semi-liquid mantle beneath. These plates move because of convection currents in the mantle. This movement creates boundaries where hazards like earthquakes and volcanoes can occur.

Plate marginsThere are three types of plate margins where tectonic hazards occur:Constructive margins: Plates move apart, forming new crust (e.g., mid-ocean ridges).Destructive margins: Plates collide, and one is forced under the other, causing earthquakes and volcanoes.Conservative margins: Plates slide past each other, triggering earthquakes.

Effects of earthquakesEarthquakes occur when energy is released from friction between plates. They have primary effects, like ground shaking and collapsed buildings, and secondary effects, such as fires and tsunamis.

Volcanoes at destructive marginsVolcanoes often form at destructive margins. When an oceanic plate is forced under a continental plate, the heat and pressure melt the oceanic plate, forming magma. This magma rises to the surface, creating a volcanic eruption.

Living at riskPeople live near tectonic hazards for various reasons, such as fertile soil near volcanoes, geothermal energy, and tourism opportunities. However, these areas also face high risk of damage during events.

Reducing riskRisk from tectonic hazards can be reduced by monitoring (using equipment to detect changes), prediction (forecasting events based on data), protection (building strong structures), and planning (evacuation routes and education).

Review Time!Great work! You’ve learned about tectonic hazards, their causes, effects, and risk reduction strategies. Let’s test your understanding with a few final questions.