Learn: Particles in Physics

Welcome!Today we'll explore the fascinating world of particles in physics. This topic includes subatomic structures, quarks, leptons, and the fundamental forces that govern them.

What are Particles?Particles are the building blocks of matter. They include protons, neutrons, and electrons, which make up atoms. Understanding particles helps explain everything from everyday objects to the universe's structure.

Protons and NeutronsProtons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons are neutral particles also found in the nucleus. Together, they form most of an atom's mass.

QuarksQuarks are the fundamental particles that combine to form protons and neutrons. There are six types: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. Protons consist of two up quarks and one down quark, while neutrons consist of two down quarks and one up quark.

LeptonsLeptons are another type of fundamental particle. Examples include electrons, muons, and neutrinos. Electrons are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus, while neutrinos are neutral and interact very weakly with matter.

Fundamental ForcesThere are four fundamental forces in the universe: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces. These forces govern how particles interact with each other.

The Photoelectric EffectThe photoelectric effect is when light causes electrons to be emitted from a metal surface. This demonstrates the particle-like behaviour of light and is evidence for the existence of photons.

Review Time!Great work! You've learned about particles, including protons, neutrons, quarks, leptons, fundamental forces, and the photoelectric effect. Let's test your understanding with a few questions.