Learn: B1 You and Your Genes

Welcome!Today, we'll learn about genes, DNA, and inheritance. This topic helps us understand how traits are passed from parents to offspring and how genetic information shapes life.

What is the Genome?The genome is the complete set of genetic material in an organism. It contains all the instructions needed to grow, develop, and function. In humans, the genome is found in the nucleus of cells.

DNA and ChromosomesDNA is a polymer made of nucleotides, forming two strands in a double helix. DNA contains the genetic code that determines our traits. It is organised into structures called chromosomes, which are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Genes and Their RoleGenes are sections of DNA that code for specific proteins. Proteins play many roles, such as building tissues or acting as enzymes. A gene’s instructions determine traits like eye colour or blood type.

Alleles and VariationAlleles are different forms of the same gene. For example, the gene for eye colour might have alleles for blue or brown eyes. These variations contribute to genetic diversity within populations.

Genotype and PhenotypeGenotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype is the observable traits resulting from the genotype and environmental factors. For instance, a person might have the genotype for tall height, but malnutrition could affect the phenotype.

MutationsA mutation is a change in the DNA sequence. Mutations can create new alleles, leading to genetic variation. Some mutations are harmless, while others can affect protein function and cause diseases.

Protein SynthesisProtein synthesis is the process where cells make proteins. The DNA instructions are copied onto mRNA, which carries the code to ribosomes. Ribosomes then assemble amino acids into proteins.

Review Time!Great work! You've learned about genes, DNA, alleles, mutations, and protein synthesis. Now let's test your understanding with a few questions.

SummaryYou've completed your lesson on genes! Understanding DNA, mutations, and protein synthesis helps explain how traits are inherited and how organisms function. Great job!