By Revision Genie
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Unit 1
Definition of Physical Quantities
SI Units and Their Importance
Base and Derived Quantities
Prefixes and Scientific Notation
Converting Units Between Prefixes
Using Rulers to Measure Length
Using Measuring Cylinders for Volume
Measuring Time with Clocks and Timers
Determining Average Values for Small Measurements
Measuring the Period of a Pendulum
Accuracy and Precision in Measurements
Sources of Measurement Error
Repeatability and Reproducibility
Using Vernier Calipers for Precision Measurements
Using Micrometers for Small Distances
Measuring Mass with Balances
Measuring Temperature with Thermometers
Density: Definition and Formula
Calculating Density of Regular Solids
Calculating Density of Irregular Solids
Determining Density of Liquids
Floating and Sinking Based on Density
Scalar and Vector Quantities
Examples of Scalar Quantities
Examples of Vector Quantities
Graphical Representation of Vectors
Calculating Resultant Vectors
Using a Protractor to Measure Angles in Vector Problems
Practical Techniques for Measuring Forces
Safety Precautions in Measurement Experiments
Unit 2
Motion and Forces
Defining Speed and Its Formula
Defining Velocity and Its Direction
Average Speed Formula and Applications
Distance-Time Graphs: Sketching and Interpreting
Speed-Time Graphs: Sketching and Interpreting
Identifying Motion from Graph Shapes
Calculating Speed from Distance-Time Graphs
Calculating Distance from Speed-Time Graphs
Acceleration of Free Fall and Its Value
Defining Acceleration and Its Formula
Acceleration from Speed-Time Graphs
Deceleration as Negative Acceleration
Terminal Velocity and Falling Objects
Mass as a Measure of Matter
Weight as a Gravitational Force
Gravitational Field Strength and Its Formula
Comparing Masses and Weights
Defining Density and Its Formula
Measuring Density of Liquids
Measuring Density of Regular Solids
Measuring Density of Irregular Solids
Forces Changing Size and Shape
Load-Extension Graphs for Elastic Solids
Resultant Forces Along a Straight Line
Newton's First Law of Motion
Newton's Second Law and F = ma
Friction and Its Effects on Motion
Drag Forces in Liquids and Gases
Turning Effect of Forces and Moments
Calculating Moments of Forces
Principle of Moments and Equilibrium
Centre of Gravity: Definition
Finding the Centre of Gravity Experimentally
Centre of Gravity and Stability
Defining Momentum and Its Formula
Impulse and Its Formula
Conservation of Momentum in Collisions
Resultant Force and Momentum Change
Identifying Scalars and Vectors
Combining Vectors at Right Angles
Solid Friction vs. Drag Forces
Circular Motion and Centripetal Force
Spring Constant and Hooke's Law
Limit of Proportionality on Load-Extension Graphs
Air Resistance and Terminal Velocity
Measuring Time Intervals with Clocks
Using Rulers and Cylinders for Measurement
Averaging Small Distances and Short Times
Unit 3
Energy, Work, and Power
Types of Energy Stores
Kinetic Energy Store
Gravitational Potential Energy Store
Chemical Energy Store
Elastic Potential Energy Store
Nuclear Energy Store
Internal (Thermal) Energy Store
Electrostatic Energy Store
Energy Transfers by Forces (Mechanical Work)
Energy Transfers by Electrical Currents (Electrical Work)
Energy Transfers by Heating
Energy Transfers by Waves
Principle of Conservation of Energy
Interpreting Simple Energy Flow Diagrams
Kinetic Energy Formula and Calculations
Gravitational Potential Energy Formula and Calculations
Complex Energy Conservation Examples
Interpreting Sankey Diagrams
Definition of Work Done
Work Done Formula and Calculations
Energy Transfer and Work Done
Sources of Energy: Fossil Fuels
Sources of Energy: Biofuels
Sources of Energy: Hydroelectric Power
Sources of Energy: Tidal and Wave Energy
Sources of Energy: Geothermal Energy
Sources of Energy: Nuclear Energy
Sources of Energy: Solar Cells and Solar Panels
Sources of Energy: Wind Energy
Renewable vs Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Sources
Concept of Energy Efficiency
Efficiency Formula and Calculations
Interpreting Efficiency in Energy Transfers
Definition of Power
Power Formula and Calculations (Work Done)
Power Formula and Calculations (Energy Transferred)
Relationship Between Power and Time
Energy Transfer Rate and Power
Unit 4
Momentum and Pressure
Definition of Momentum
Momentum Formula and Units
Impulse-Momentum Relationship
Conservation of Momentum Principle
Solving Momentum Problems in One Dimension
Resultant Force and Change in Momentum
Pressure Definition and Formula
Pressure in Solids
Pressure in Liquids and Depth Dependence
Pressure in Gases and Particle Collisions
Calculating Pressure in Liquids Using ∆p = ρg∆h
Everyday Examples of Pressure in Solids
Everyday Examples of Pressure in Liquids
Everyday Examples of Pressure in Gases
Applications of Momentum in Collisions
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
Impulse in Real-Life Scenarios
Pressure and Area Relationship
Pressure Variation with Force
Pressure and Depth in Fluids
Effect of Density on Pressure in Fluids
Worked Example: Momentum Calculation
Worked Example: Impulse Calculation
Worked Example: Conservation of Momentum
Worked Example: Pressure in Liquids
Exam Trap: Confusing Momentum with Force
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Pressure Units
Exam Trap: Forgetting Direction in Momentum Problems
Exam Trap: Incorrect Application of ∆p = ρg∆h
Experimental Setup for Momentum Conservation
Experimental Setup for Measuring Pressure in Liquids
Experimental Setup for Observing Pressure in Gases
Graphical Representation of Momentum Conservation
Graphical Representation of Pressure in Fluids
Pressure in Hydraulic Systems
Atmospheric Pressure and Its Effects
Pressure in Vacuum Systems
Impulse in Sports Applications
Momentum in Space Physics Applications
Pressure in Weather Systems
Momentum and Pressure in Safety Designs
Understanding Terminal Velocity and Pressure
Pressure and Buoyancy Relationship
Momentum in Explosions and Recoil
Pressure and Boiling Point of Liquids
Pressure and Compression in Gases
Unit 5
Thermal Physics
Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Changes of State Definitions
Particle Arrangement in States of Matter
Particle Motion and Temperature Relationship
Absolute Zero Concept
Gas Pressure and Particle Collisions
Brownian Motion Explanation
Forces Between Particles in States of Matter
Pressure Forces in Gases
Kelvin and Celsius Temperature Conversion
Effect of Temperature on Gas Pressure
Effect of Volume on Gas Pressure
Equation of State for Gases (pV = constant)
Thermal Expansion in Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Applications of Thermal Expansion
Particle Explanation of Thermal Expansion
Specific Heat Capacity Definition
Specific Heat Capacity Formula and Calculations
Experiments to Measure Specific Heat Capacity
Melting and Boiling Processes
Condensation and Solidification Processes
Evaporation and Particle Escape
Cooling Effect of Evaporation
Differences Between Boiling and Evaporation
Factors Affecting Evaporation Rate
Cooling Objects via Evaporation
Conduction Demonstration Experiments
Atomic Vibrations in Thermal Conduction
Free Electrons in Metal Conduction
Why Gases and Liquids Conduct Poorly
Convection in Liquids and Gases
Density Changes in Convection
Radiation as Infrared Energy Transfer
Thermal Radiation Without a Medium
Surface Colour and Texture Effects on Radiation
Energy Balance for Constant Temperature
Temperature Change and Energy Transfer Rates
Earth's Temperature and Radiation Balance
Experiments on Infrared Radiation Emission
Experiments on Infrared Radiation Absorption
Surface Temperature and Radiation Emission Rate
Applications of Conduction, Convection, and Radiation
Complex Applications of Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer in Kitchen Pans
Room Heating via Convection
Heat Transfer in Burning Wood or Coal
Heat Transfer in Car Radiators
Unit 6
Waves
What Waves Transfer
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Wavefronts and Wave Diagrams
Wavelength, Frequency, and Amplitude
The Wave Equation: v = fλ
Reflection of Waves at Surfaces
Using Ripple Tanks for Reflection
Refraction of Waves and Speed Changes
Using Ripple Tanks for Refraction
Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection
Diffraction of Waves Through Gaps
Using Ripple Tanks for Diffraction
Effect of Wavelength on Diffraction
Sound as a Longitudinal Wave
Production of Sound by Vibrations
Speed of Sound in Different Media
Measuring the Speed of Sound in Air
Frequency and Pitch of Sound
Amplitude and Loudness of Sound
Echoes and Reflection of Sound
Ultrasound and Its Properties
Applications of Ultrasound
The Doppler Effect for Sound Waves
Wave Behavior in Everyday Contexts
Common Exam Traps in Wave Problems
Unit 7
Light and Electromagnetic Spectrum
Properties of Light Waves
Reflection of Light: Key Terms
Law of Reflection
Plane Mirrors and Image Formation
Characteristics of Images in Plane Mirrors
Constructing Ray Diagrams for Plane Mirrors
Refraction of Light: Key Terms
Experimenting with Refraction in Transparent Blocks
Applications of Total Internal Reflection
Refractive Index: Definition and Formula
Using n = sin i / sin r in Calculations
Calculating Critical Angles with n = 1/sin c
Optical Fibres in Telecommunications
Converging Lenses: Properties and Action
Diverging Lenses: Properties and Action
Key Terms: Focal Length, Principal Axis, Principal Focus
Ray Diagrams for Converging Lenses: Real Images
Ray Diagrams for Converging Lenses: Virtual Images
Image Characteristics: Real vs Virtual
Using Converging Lenses as Magnifying Glasses
Correcting Vision with Lenses: Long-Sightedness
Correcting Vision with Lenses: Short-Sightedness
Dispersion of Light by a Prism
Visible Spectrum: Colours and Wavelengths
Monochromatic Light and Frequency
Electromagnetic Spectrum: Regions and Properties
Electromagnetic Waves: Speed in Vacuum
Uses of Radio Waves
Uses of Microwaves
Uses of Infrared Radiation
Uses of Visible Light
Uses of Ultraviolet Radiation
Uses of X-rays
Uses of Gamma Rays
Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation
Microwaves and Satellite Communication
Digital vs Analogue Signals
Benefits of Digital Signalling
Common Misconceptions in Reflection
Common Misconceptions in Refraction
Common Misconceptions in Lenses
Common Misconceptions in Dispersion
Common Misconceptions in the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Unit 8
Electricity and Circuits
Definition of Electric Charge
Positive and Negative Charges
Forces Between Electric Charges
Production of Electrostatic Charges by Friction
Detection of Electrostatic Charges
Conductors vs Insulators
Electron Model for Conductors and Insulators
Electric Fields and Their Properties
Electric Field Patterns and Directions
Definition of Electric Current
Flow of Charge in Conductors
Direct Current vs Alternating Current
Use of Ammeters
Conventional Current vs Electron Flow
Definition of Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
Definition of Potential Difference (p.d.)
Measurement of e.m.f. and p.d. in Volts
Using Voltmeters
Relationship Between e.m.f., Work, and Charge
Definition of Resistance
Calculating Resistance Using R = V/I
Experiment to Measure Resistance
Resistance and Wire Properties (Length and Area)
Current-Voltage Graphs for Resistors
Current-Voltage Graphs for Filament Lamps
Current-Voltage Graphs for Diodes
Electrical Energy Transfer in Circuits
Calculating Electrical Power (P = IV)
Calculating Electrical Energy (E = IVt)
Definition of Kilowatt-Hour (kWh)
Cost of Electrical Energy Usage
Circuit Diagrams and Symbols
Behavior of Circuit Components
Series Circuits: Current and Resistance
Parallel Circuits: Current and Resistance
Advantages of Parallel Circuits
Voltage Distribution in Series Circuits
Current Distribution in Parallel Circuits
Combined Resistance in Parallel Circuits
Action of Variable Potential Dividers
Potential Divider Equation (R1/R2 = V1/V2)
Electrical Hazards: Damaged Insulation
Electrical Hazards: Overheating Cables
Electrical Hazards: Damp Conditions
Electrical Hazards: Excess Current
Role of Live, Neutral, and Earth Wires
Use of Trip Switches and Fuses
Double Insulation and Earthing in Appliances
Unit 9
Magnetism and Electromagnetic Effects
Magnetic Poles and Their Interaction
Induced Magnetism
Temporary and Permanent Magnets
Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Materials
Magnetic Fields and Their Representation
Magnetic Field Lines Around a Bar Magnet
Using a Compass to Detect Magnetic Fields
Factors Affecting Magnetic Field Strength
Electromagnetic Induction Basics
Demonstrating Electromagnetic Induction
Factors Affecting Induced EMF
Direction of Induced EMF and Lenz's Law
The AC Generator and Slip Rings
Interpreting AC Generator Output Graphs
Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Wire
Magnetic Field in a Solenoid
Visualizing Magnetic Fields with Experiments
Magnetic Field Strength and Current Direction
Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
Experimenting with Current and Magnetic Force
Direction of Force Using Fleming's Left-Hand Rule
Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field
Principles of the DC Motor
Split-Ring Commutator in a DC Motor
Factors Increasing Motor Turning Effect
Transformer Construction and Operation
Step-Up and Step-Down Transformers
Transformer Voltage Ratio Equation
High-Voltage Transmission Advantages
Transformer Efficiency and Power Loss
Reducing Power Loss in Transmission Lines
Unit 10
Nuclear Physics
Structure of the Atom
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Charges of Subatomic Particles
Nucleus and Electron Orbits
Ion Formation by Gaining or Losing Electrons
Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment
Evidence for the Nuclear Model
Proton Number and Nucleon Number
Isotopes and Their Properties
Radioactive Decay Processes
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation
Ionising Effects of Nuclear Radiation
Penetrating Abilities of Radiation Types
Deflection of Radiation in Fields
Background Radiation Sources
Measuring Radioactivity with Detectors
Corrected Count Rate and Background Subtraction
Half-Life Definition and Simple Calculations
Using Decay Curves to Determine Half-Life
Decay Equations with Nuclide Notation
Effects of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay on Nuclei
Stability and Neutron Excess in Radioactive Isotopes
Applications of Radioisotopes in Medicine and Industry
Safety Precautions with Radioactive Materials
Effects of Ionising Radiation on Living Cells
Safe Storage and Transport of Radioactive Materials
Reducing Radiation Exposure: Time, Distance, and Shielding
Nuclear Fission: Splitting of Nuclei
Nuclear Fusion: Joining of Nuclei
Mass and Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Energy and Its Applications
Unit 11
Space Physics
The Earth's Rotation and Day-Night Cycle
The Earth's Orbit and Seasons
The Moon's Orbit and Phases
Average Orbital Speed Formula
Overview of the Solar System
Planets in the Solar System
Characteristics of Inner and Outer Planets
Formation of the Solar System
Elliptical Orbits of Planets
Gravitational Field Strength on Planets
Gravitational Force and Orbits
Light Travel Time in the Solar System
Orbital Speed and Distance from the Sun
Conservation of Energy in Elliptical Orbits
The Sun as a Medium-Sized Star
Nuclear Fusion in Stars
Galaxies and the Milky Way
Light-Years as a Unit of Distance
Life Cycle of a Star: Formation to Stability
Life Cycle of a Star: Red Giants and Supernovae
White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes
The Milky Way and the Universe
Redshift and the Expanding Universe
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Evidence Supporting the Big Bang Theory
Hubble's Law and the Expanding Universe
The Hubble Constant and Universe Age
Gravitational Effects of the Sun on the Solar System
Planetary Data Analysis: Orbital and Physical Properties