By Revision Genie
Introduction to Textile Design
Unit 1
What is Textile Design?
Scope of Textile Design
Functional Applications of Textiles
Decorative Applications of Textiles
Art Textiles vs Functional Textiles
Historical Context of Textile Design
Contemporary Textile Design Trends
Cultural Influences on Textile Design
Environmental Considerations in Textile Design
Social Impact of Textile Design
Exploring Textile Design Processes
Media Used in Textile Design
Techniques in Textile Design
Understanding Textile Patterns
Surface Decoration Techniques
Textile Construction Methods
Role of Colour in Textile Design
Texture in Textile Design
Shape and Form in Textiles
Scale and Proportion in Textiles
Repetition and Rhythm in Textiles
Sustainability in Textile Design
Digital Tools in Textile Design
Textile Design for Interiors
Textile Design for Fashion
Textile Design for Costumes
Textile Design for Installations
Textile Design in Creative Industries
Exploring Client Needs in Textile Design
Communicating Ideas Through Textiles
Visual Language in Textile Design
Critical Analysis of Textile Sources
Recording Ideas in Textile Design
Refining Textile Design Concepts
Presenting Textile Design Work
Safety in Textile Design Practices
Understanding Textile Design Constraints
The Role of Annotations in Textile Design
Drawing for Textile Design Purposes
Exploring Textile Design Briefs
Textile Design Portfolio Development
Textile Design Assessment Objectives
Examining Textile Design Case Studies
Evaluating Textile Design Outcomes
Unit 2
Art Textiles
Introduction to Art Textiles
Defining Art Textiles
Exploring Surface Design
Understanding Embellishment in Textiles
Introduction to Experimental Textile Techniques
Using Visual Language in Art Textiles
Colour Theory in Textile Design
Line and Form in Textiles
Shape and Pattern in Textile Design
Texture and Tone in Textiles
Scale and Proportion in Textile Art
Composition and Layout in Textiles
Techniques for Surface Embellishment
Introduction to Stitched Textiles
Exploring Appliqué Techniques
Felting Techniques in Textile Art
Weaving Techniques in Art Textiles
Construction Methods in Textiles
Printing Techniques for Textile Design
Digital Imagery in Textile Design
Creating Decorative Textiles
Functional vs Non-Functional Textile Designs
Personal Expression in Art Textiles
Cultural Contexts in Textile Design
Historical Influences on Art Textiles
Contemporary Textile Practices
Using Figurative Representation in Textiles
Non-Figurative Representation in Textiles
Stylisation and Simplification Techniques
Surface Embellishment Methods
Exploring Decoration in Textile Design
Developing Ideas in Art Textiles
Investigating Sources for Inspiration
Critical Analysis of Textile Artists
Experimenting with Media and Materials
Refining Ideas in Textile Design
Recording Observations in Textile Art
Using Annotation in Art Textiles
Presenting a Final Textile Outcome
Safe Working Practices in Textile Design
Portfolio Development for Art Textiles
Responding to an Externally Set Assignment
Integrating Historical and Contemporary Sources
Understanding Visual and Tactile Language
Exploring Mixed Media in Textile Design
Creating Installed Textiles
Assessing Art Textiles Against Objectives
Common Pitfalls in Art Textiles Projects
Evaluating Personal Intentions in Textile Design
Unit 3
Fashion Design and Illustration
Introduction to Fashion Design
Understanding Fashion Trends
The Role of Fashion Designers
Key Elements of Fashion Design
Exploring Visual Language in Fashion
Colour Theory in Fashion Design
Line and Form in Garment Design
Shape and Structure in Fashion
Texture and Surface in Fashion Design
Pattern Development in Textiles
Creating Mood Boards for Fashion
The Design Process in Fashion
Developing Initial Fashion Ideas
Sketching Techniques for Garments
Using Digital Tools for Fashion Illustration
Hand Rendering Techniques in Fashion
Experimenting with Media in Fashion Illustration
Proportions and Figure in Fashion Drawing
Fashion Illustration Styles and Techniques
Annotating Fashion Design Work
Exploring Historical Fashion Influences
Cultural Contexts in Fashion Design
Environmental Influences on Fashion Design
Social Issues and Fashion Design
Client Requirements in Fashion Design
Functional vs Non-Functional Fashion
Surface Embellishment Techniques
Textile Printing Methods for Fashion
Fashion Design for Specific Audiences
Illustrating Accessories in Fashion Design
Fashion Portfolio Presentation Techniques
Evaluating Fashion Design Outcomes
Common Mistakes in Fashion Illustration
Safe Practices in Fashion Design
Using Sources to Inspire Fashion Designs
Critical Analysis of Fashion Sources
Refining Fashion Design Ideas
Experimenting with Garment Construction
Recording Observations in Fashion Design
Personal Responses in Fashion Design Projects
Using Repetition and Scale in Fashion
Composition Techniques in Fashion Design
Imaginative Interpretation in Fashion Illustration
Finalising Fashion Design Intentions
Presenting Fashion Design Outcomes
Unit 4
Costume Design
Purpose of Costume Design
Historical Context in Costume Design
Cultural Influences on Costumes
Functional vs. Non-Functional Costumes
Visual Language in Costume Design
Colour in Costume Design
Line and Form in Costumes
Texture and Surface in Costumes
Shape and Structure in Costumes
Scale and Proportion in Costumes
Pattern and Decoration in Costumes
Stylisation and Simplification in Costumes
Construction Methods for Costumes
Weaving Techniques in Costume Design
Felting Techniques for Costumes
Stitching Techniques in Costume Design
Appliqué in Costume Design
Printing Techniques for Costumes
Digital Tools in Costume Design
Use of Inks in Costume Design
Yarns and Threads in Costumes
Fibres and Fabrics in Costume Design
Textile Materials in Costumes
Character Analysis for Costume Design
Storytelling Through Costumes
Mood Boards for Costume Design
Sketching Costume Ideas
Prototyping Costumes
Creating Costume Storyboards
Client Briefs in Costume Design
Responding to External Constraints
Costume Design for Theatre
Costume Design for Film and TV
Costume Design for Dance Performances
Costume Design for Historical Reenactments
Costume Design for Fantasy Settings
Costume Design for Contemporary Settings
Sourcing Materials for Costumes
Budgeting for Costume Design
Ethical Considerations in Costume Design
Sustainable Practices in Costume Design
Health and Safety in Costume Production
Collaborating with Performers
Collaborating with Directors and Designers
Evaluating Costume Effectiveness
Documenting the Design Process
Presentation of Costume Portfolios
Examining Successful Costume Designers
Common Exam Mistakes in Costume Design
Unit 5
Constructed Textiles
Introduction to Constructed Textiles
What is Weaving?
Types of Looms for Weaving
Warp and Weft Threads in Weaving
Basic Weaving Techniques
Complex Weaving Patterns
What is Knitting?
Types of Knitting Techniques
Hand Knitting vs Machine Knitting
Knitting Stitches and Patterns
What is Felting?
Wet Felting Technique
Needle Felting Technique
Applications of Felt in Textiles
What is Appliqué?
Techniques for Appliqué
Creative Uses of Appliqué in Design
What are Construction Methods in Textiles?
Seam Types in Textile Construction
Joining Techniques for Constructed Textiles
What is Embroidery?
Hand Embroidery Techniques
Machine Embroidery Techniques
Decorative Stitches in Embroidery
What is Surface Pattern Design?
Techniques for Creating Surface Patterns
Applications of Surface Patterns in Textiles
What is Printing in Textiles?
Block Printing Technique
Screen Printing Technique
Digital Printing in Textiles
What are Decorative Textiles?
Techniques for Decorative Textiles
Combining Techniques in Constructed Textiles
What are Functional Textiles?
Constructed Textiles for Functional Use
Sustainability in Constructed Textiles
Using Natural Fibres in Constructed Textiles
Using Synthetic Fibres in Constructed Textiles
Common Challenges in Textile Construction
Safe Working Practices in Textile Construction
Exploring Cultural Influences in Constructed Textiles
Historical Examples of Constructed Textiles
Contemporary Trends in Constructed Textiles
Experimenting with Mixed Media in Textiles
Recording and Annotating Textile Processes
Presenting Constructed Textile Work
Evaluating Constructed Textile Designs
Portfolio Development for Constructed Textiles
Unit 6
Printed and Dyed Textiles
Introduction to Printed and Dyed Textiles
History of Textile Printing Techniques
Natural Dyes and Their Origins
Synthetic Dyes and Their Applications
Safety When Working With Dyes
Block Printing Techniques
Screen Printing Techniques
Digital Printing on Textiles
Stencil Printing Techniques
Resist Dyeing: Batik Method
Resist Dyeing: Tie-Dye Method
Shibori Dyeing Techniques
Ombre Dyeing Effects
Discharge Printing Methods
Heat Transfer Printing on Textiles
Eco-Friendly Dyeing Practices
Using Natural Fibres for Dyeing
Synthetic Fibres and Dye Compatibility
Preparing Fabrics for Dyeing
Applying Patterns Using Dyes
Layering Colours in Textile Printing
Fixing Dyes for Longevity
Common Problems in Dyeing and Printing
Evaluating Printed Textile Outcomes
Cultural Influences on Textile Patterns
Modern Trends in Textile Printing
Exploring Abstract Patterns in Printing
Geometric Patterns in Textile Design
Floral Patterns in Textile Printing
Animal Prints in Textile Design
Creating Texture Through Printing
Combining Printing and Dyeing Techniques
Experimenting With Mixed Media in Textiles
Portfolio Presentation: Printed and Dyed Textiles
Responding to a Design Brief for Textiles
Examining Famous Textile Designers
Sustainability in Textile Printing and Dyeing
Preparing for Externally Set Assignments
Annotating Textile Design Work
Recording the Dyeing Process Step-by-Step
Exploring Depth and Contrast in Patterns
Using Textile Printing for Functional Products
Using Textile Printing for Decorative Purposes
Exploring Cultural Textiles Through Dyeing
Understanding Repeat Patterns in Design
Exploring Scale and Proportion in Patterns
Creating Mood Boards for Textile Projects
Using Digital Tools for Pattern Creation
Testing and Refining Dyeing Techniques
Unit 7
Surface Pattern and Decoration
Introduction to Surface Pattern Design
Understanding Patterns in Textiles
Exploring Texture in Textile Design
Decorative Elements in Textiles
Cultural Influences on Surface Patterns
Historical Patterns in Textile Design
Contemporary Surface Pattern Trends
Using Colour in Surface Patterns
Line and Shape in Textile Decoration
Tone and Contrast in Patterns
Repetition and Rhythm in Patterns
Scale and Proportion in Decoration
Composition of Surface Patterns
Figurative Representations in Textiles
Non-Figurative Representations in Design
Stylisation and Simplification in Patterns
Imaginative Interpretation in Decoration
Surface Pattern for Functional Textiles
Surface Pattern for Non-Functional Textiles
Surface Printing Techniques
Digital Printing in Textile Decoration
Hand Printing Methods for Patterns
Appliqué in Surface Decoration
Embroidery Techniques for Patterns
Using Mixed Media in Decoration
Surface Pattern for Interiors
Surface Pattern for Fashion Textiles
Surface Pattern for Art Textiles
Surface Pattern for Costume Design
Inks and Dyes for Surface Decoration
Yarns and Threads in Decoration
Textile Fibres in Surface Patterns
Creating Patterns with Weaving
Felting Techniques for Surface Decoration
Construction Methods in Decoration
Surface Decoration and Sustainability
Common Challenges in Surface Design
Evaluating Surface Pattern Designs
Examining Successful Pattern Designers
Portfolio Presentation of Decoration Work
Responding to a Design Brief for Patterns
Refining Ideas for Surface Decoration
Recording Observations for Surface Design
Experimenting with Decoration Techniques
Presenting Final Surface Pattern Outcomes
Exam Traps in Surface Pattern Questions
Unit 8
Stitched and Embellished Textiles
Introduction to Stitched and Embellished Textiles
Understanding Embroidery Techniques
Hand Embroidery Basics
Using Different Types of Embroidery Stitches
Hand Appliqué Methods
Machine Appliqué Techniques
Layering and Overlapping in Appliqué
Creating Textural Effects with Appliqué
Surface Embellishment Techniques Overview
Beading and Sequins Application
Using Fabric Paints and Dyes for Decoration
Adding Decorative Stitches to Textiles
Exploring Quilting Techniques
Trapunto Quilting Method
Patchwork Quilting Basics
Free-Motion Quilting Techniques
Understanding Smocking Techniques
Creating Patterns with Smocking
Using Ribbons and Trims for Embellishment
Creating Texture with Fabric Manipulation
Pleating and Gathering Techniques
Ruching and Shirring Methods
Exploring Decorative Fabric Layers
Using Lace and Netting for Embellishment
Combining Embroidery and Appliqué
Exploring Mixed Media in Textile Embellishment
Incorporating Digital Embellishment Techniques
Using Heat Transfer Vinyl on Textiles
Creating Patterns with Stencils and Templates
Exploring Cultural Inspirations in Embellishment
Understanding Historical Embellishment Techniques
Examining Contemporary Embellishment Trends
Recording Ideas and Inspirations in Sketchbooks
Refining Embellishment Techniques
Evaluating and Reflecting on Final Designs
Common Exam Traps in Stitched Textiles
Safe Handling of Tools and Materials
Presenting Embellished Textile Work
Unit 9
Soft Furnishings and Textiles for Interiors
Introduction to Soft Furnishings
Types of Soft Furnishings
Functional vs Decorative Textiles
Textiles for Curtains and Drapes
Textiles for Upholstery
Textiles for Cushions and Pillows
Textiles for Bed Linens
Textiles for Table Linens
Textiles for Rugs and Carpets
Textiles for Wall Hangings
Textiles for Lampshades
Textiles for Storage Solutions
Natural Fibres in Interior Textiles
Synthetic Fibres in Interior Textiles
Blended Fibres in Soft Furnishings
Fabric Properties for Interiors
Durability in Soft Furnishing Textiles
Comfort and Texture in Interior Textiles
Color and Pattern in Soft Furnishings
Surface Embellishments for Interiors
Printing Techniques for Interior Textiles
Dyeing Techniques for Soft Furnishings
Weaving Techniques for Interior Textiles
Knitting Techniques for Soft Furnishings
Appliqué in Interior Textiles
Stitching and Embroidery for Decoration
Felting Techniques for Soft Furnishings
Construction Methods for Soft Furnishings
Sustainability in Interior Textiles
Environmental Impact of Textile Choices
Recycled and Upcycled Textiles for Interiors
Cultural Influences on Interior Textiles
Historical Textile Design for Interiors
Contemporary Trends in Interior Textiles
Client Requirements in Textile Design
Creating Mood Boards for Interiors
Sketching and Drawing Soft Furnishing Designs
Digital Tools in Textile Design for Interiors
Prototyping Soft Furnishing Designs
Evaluating and Refining Textile Designs
Presenting Textile Designs for Interiors
Common Exam Traps in Textile Design
Unit 10
Digital Textiles
Introduction to Digital Textiles
What is Digital Printing?
Applications of Digital Printing in Textiles
Advantages of Digital Printing
Limitations of Digital Printing
Understanding CAD in Textile Design
CAD Tools for Textile Designers
Creating Patterns Using CAD
Colour Management in Digital Textiles
File Formats for Digital Printing
Preparing Artwork for Digital Printing
Ink Types Used in Digital Printing
Fabric Selection for Digital Printing
Digital Printing Techniques: Sublimation
Digital Printing Techniques: Direct-to-Fabric
Digital Printing Techniques: Heat Transfer
Quality Control in Digital Printing
Sustainability in Digital Textiles
Comparing Digital Printing to Traditional Methods
Innovations in Digital Textile Technology
Using Digital Textiles in Fashion Design
Using Digital Textiles in Interior Design
Digital Textiles for Functional Applications
Customisation and Personalisation in Digital Textiles
Digital Printing for Mass Production
Examining Case Studies of Digital Textile Projects
Common Challenges in Digital Textile Design
Future Trends in Digital Textiles
Exam Tips for Digital Textiles Questions
Unit 11
Installed Textiles
Definition of Installed Textiles
Artistic vs Functional Roles
Examples of Installed Textiles
Historical Context of Textile Installations
Contemporary Textile Installations
Materials Used in Installed Textiles
Techniques for Creating Installed Textiles
Weaving Techniques for Installations
Knitting Techniques for Installations
Stitching Techniques for Installations
Printing Techniques for Installed Textiles
Construction Methods for Installed Textiles
Role of Colour in Installed Textiles
Use of Texture in Installed Textiles
Scale and Proportion in Installations
Pattern and Repetition in Installed Textiles
Shape and Form in Textile Installations
Composition Techniques in Installed Textiles
Environmental Considerations in Textile Installations
Cultural Influences on Installed Textiles
Social Impact of Textile Installations
Client Expectations in Installed Textiles
Site-Specific Textile Installations
Temporary vs Permanent Installations
Digital Techniques in Installed Textiles
Interactive Textile Installations
Documentation of Installed Textiles
Safety Considerations in Textile Installations
Evaluating Installed Textiles
Common Challenges in Textile Installations
Examples of Textile Installation Artists
Analyzing Case Studies of Installed Textiles
Incorporating Light in Textile Installations
Using Sound in Textile Installations
Collaborative Projects in Installed Textiles
Sustainability in Textile Installations
Marketing Installed Textiles
Examining Public Reception of Installations
Preparing Proposals for Textile Installations
Sketching and Planning Installed Textiles
Creating Maquettes for Textile Installations
Budgeting for Textile Installations
Installation Setup and Logistics
Maintenance of Installed Textiles
Deinstallation and Recycling Textiles
Unit 12
Knowledge and Understanding in Textile Design
Historical Contexts in Textile Design
Environmental Contexts in Textile Design
Textile Design in Different Cultures
Textile Design in Historical Periods
Eco-Friendly Materials in Textiles
Impact of Globalisation on Textile Design
Social Influences on Textile Design
Technological Advancements in Textile Design
Traditional Techniques in Textile Design
Modern Techniques in Textile Design
Role of Textile Design in Fashion
Role of Textile Design in Interiors
Symbolism in Textile Patterns
Use of Colour in Textile Design
Use of Texture in Textile Design
Use of Line and Shape in Textiles
Construction Techniques in Textiles
Repetition and Pattern in Textiles
Scale and Proportion in Textile Design
Textile Design for Specific Audiences
Client Expectations in Textile Design
Ethical Considerations in Textile Production
Formal Elements in Textile Design
Analyzing Textile Design Sources
Drawing Inspiration from Artists and Designers
First-Hand Experiences in Textile Design
Secondary Sources in Textile Design Research
Critical Reflection in Textile Design
Developing Personal Style in Textile Design
Purposeful Engagement with Media and Materials
Experimenting with Techniques and Processes
Recording Ideas and Observations
Written Annotation in Textile Design
Using Specialist Vocabulary in Textiles
Textile Design in Contemporary Contexts
Textile Design in Ethical Contexts
Interpreting Client Briefs in Textile Design
Textile Design for Social Change
Textile Design in Public Spaces
Textile Design in Performance and Costume
Textile Design in Digital Media
Unit 13
Textile Design Techniques and Processes
Introduction to Weaving Techniques
Types of Looms and Their Uses
Warp and Weft Explained
Creating Patterns in Weaving
Introduction to Felting Techniques
Wet Felting Process Step-by-Step
Needle Felting Techniques
Combining Felting with Other Textiles
Introduction to Stitching Techniques
Hand Stitching Basics
Machine Stitching Techniques
Decorative Stitching Methods
Using Appliqué in Textile Design
Introduction to Printing Techniques
Block Printing Process
Screen Printing Explained
Exploring Heat Transfer Printing
Combining Printing with Surface Decoration
Introduction to Textile Construction Methods
Creating Textiles Through Knitting
Crochet Techniques for Textiles
Exploring Embroidery in Textile Design
Using Beading and Embellishments
Surface Pattern Design Techniques
Creating Repeated Patterns in Textiles
Exploring Dyeing Techniques
Tie-Dye Methods Explained
Using Batik in Textile Design
Introduction to Fabric Manipulation
Pleating and Ruching Techniques
Smocking Methods in Textiles
Combining Techniques in Textile Design
Safe Use of Tools and Equipment in Textile Processes
Understanding Media and Materials for Textile Design
Evaluating Techniques for Functional and Decorative Textiles
Common Mistakes in Textile Processes
Experimenting with Mixed Media in Textile Design
Developing Ideas Through Textile Techniques
Refining Processes in Textile Design Projects
Presenting Textile Design Outcomes
Unit 14
Media and Materials in Textile Design
Introduction to Natural Fibres
Properties of Cotton Fibres
Properties of Wool Fibres
Properties of Silk Fibres
Properties of Linen Fibres
Introduction to Synthetic Fibres
Properties of Polyester
Properties of Nylon
Properties of Acrylic
Properties of Elastane
Blended Fibres Overview
Advantages of Blended Fibres
Common Blended Fibre Combinations
Physical Properties of Textile Materials
Working Properties of Textile Materials
Renewable and Biodegradable Textiles
Textile Durability and Strength
Textile Absorbency and Moisture Management
Textile Elasticity and Stretch
Textile Thermal Properties
Textile Resistance to Chemicals
Textile Resistance to UV Light
Sustainability in Textile Materials
Eco-Friendly Textile Innovations
Applications of Natural Fibres
Applications of Synthetic Fibres
Applications of Blended Fibres
Choosing Materials for Textile Design
Comparing Natural and Synthetic Fibres
Common Misconceptions About Textile Materials
Examining Fibre Sources and Origins
Testing Textile Properties
Impact of Material Choice on Design
Historical Use of Textile Materials
Cultural Influences on Textile Material Use
Environmental Impact of Textile Production
Recycling and Reusing Textile Materials
Innovative Uses for Textile Waste
Textile Material Safety Considerations
How Blended Fibres Enhance Performance
The Role of Technology in Textile Production
Future Trends in Textile Materials
Case Studies: Iconic Textile Designs
Exam Tips for Media and Materials Questions
Unit 15
Portfolio Development
Understanding Portfolio Development
Purpose of a Portfolio
Assessment Objectives Overview
AO1: Developing Ideas
AO2: Refining Work
AO3: Recording Observations
AO4: Presenting Responses
Choosing a Theme or Brief
Researching Sources for Inspiration
Critical Analysis of Sources
Exploring Visual Language
Using Colour in Designs
Shape and Texture in Designs
Tone and Pattern in Textiles
Techniques for Refining Ideas
Safe Use of Tools and Processes
Creating Sketchbooks and Journals
Drawing for Different Purposes
Written Annotation Techniques
Organising a Portfolio Effectively
Presenting Work in Digital Formats
Using Design Sheets and Proposals
Incorporating Models and Prototypes
Storyboards and Visual Narratives
Photographic and Video Evidence
Responding to Feedback on Work
Evaluating Personal Progress
Linking Research to Final Outcomes
Realising Creative Intentions
Selecting Work for Final Submission
Acknowledging External Sources
Mounting Studies for Presentation
Recording Site-Specific Installations
Designing for Functional Textiles
Exploring Decorative Textile Techniques
Balancing Creativity with Practicality
Understanding Moderation Requirements
Common Portfolio Pitfalls to Avoid
Time Management for Portfolio Creation
Using Technology to Enhance Portfolios
Finalising and Submitting Portfolios
Unit 16
Externally Set Assignment
Understanding the Externally Set Assignment
Accessing the Assignment Paper
Selecting a Starting Point
Exploring Themes in the Starting Points
Developing Initial Ideas
Planning the Creative Journey
Using Sketchbooks for Preparatory Work
Experimenting with Media and Techniques
Refining Ideas Through Experimentation
Recording Observations and Insights
Creating Written Annotations
Incorporating Drawing into Preparatory Work
Exploring Two-Dimensional Formats
Exploring Three-Dimensional Formats
Using Digital Tools in Textile Design
Developing a Personal Response
Creating a Meaningful Outcome
Realising Intentions in Supervised Time
Managing the 10-Hour Supervised Period
Submitting Preparatory Work
Understanding Assessment Objectives
Meeting AO1: Developing Ideas
Meeting AO2: Refining Work
Meeting AO3: Recording Ideas
Meeting AO4: Presenting a Response
Selecting Media and Materials
Exploring Textile Techniques
Using Colour and Texture Effectively
Incorporating Cultural and Historical Contexts
Evaluating Work Against the Brief
Avoiding Malpractice in Submissions
Preparing for Moderation
Understanding Marking Criteria
Using Feedback to Improve Work
Documenting Sources and Influences
Creating a Cohesive Presentation Format
Exploring Functional and Decorative Textiles
Using Repetition and Scale in Designs
Incorporating Surface Embellishment
Exploring Installed Textiles
Using Textile Design for Problem Solving
Reflecting Critically on the Creative Process
Adapting Work Based on Constraints
Understanding the Role of Textile Design in Society
Exploring Client Expectations in Design
Finalising Work for Submission