By Revision Genie
Pure Substances and Mixtures
Unit 1
Definition of Pure Substances
Scientific vs Everyday Purity
Melting Point and Purity
Distinguishing Pure and Impure Substances
Elements: Definition and Classification
Compounds: Definition and Classification
Mixtures: Definition and Classification
Formulations and Their Uses
Examples of Formulations in Everyday Products
Filtration: Process and Applications
Crystallisation: Process and Applications
Simple Distillation: Process and Applications
Fractional Distillation: Process and Applications
Chromatography: Stationary and Mobile Phases
Principles of Separation in Chromatography
Interpreting Chromatograms
Calculating Rf Values in Chromatography
Chromatography to Identify Purity
Choosing Appropriate Separation Techniques
Specified Practical: Determining Melting Points
Specified Practical: Distillation of Liquids
Specified Practical: Paper Chromatography
Unit 2
Particles and Atomic Structure
The Particle Model of Matter
States of Matter and Changes
Physical vs Chemical Changes
Limitations of the Particle Model
Atoms and Empty Space Concept
Structure of the Atom
Nuclear Radius vs Atomic Radius
Subatomic Particles Overview
Relative Charges of Subatomic Particles
Relative Masses of Subatomic Particles
Why Atoms Have No Charge
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Calculating Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Introduction to Ions
Electronic Structure of Atoms
Electron Configurations of First 20 Elements
Periodic Table and Electron Arrangement
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table Development
Atomic Weights and Isotopes
Definition of Isotopes
Relative Atomic Mass and Isotopes
Atomic Size and Subatomic Scale
Using Powers of Ten in Chemistry
Predicting States from Melting and Boiling Data
Examining States Under Given Conditions
Unit 3
Chemical Formulae, Equations and Amount of Substance
Writing Chemical Symbols
Formulae of Simple Covalent Compounds
Formulae of Ionic Compounds
Empirical Formula from Atom Counts
Empirical Formula from Diagrams
Law of Conservation of Mass
Writing Balanced Chemical Equations
Writing Half Equations
Charges on Group 1, 2, 6, and 7 Ions
Formulae of Compounds Using Common Ions
Writing Ionic Equations
Using State Symbols in Equations
Calculating Relative Formula Mass
Relative Formula Mass in Equations
Reacting Mass Calculations
Empirical Formula from Reacting Mass Data
Stoichiometry from Masses
Effect of Limiting Reactants
Definition of the Mole
Using the Avogadro Constant
Mass and Moles Relationship
Calculating Mass from Moles
Calculating Moles from Mass
Molar Volumes of Gases
Calculating Gas Volumes from Moles
Gas Volumes in Chemical Reactions
Unit 4
The Periodic Table and Properties of Elements
Structure of the Periodic Table
Periods and Groups Explained
Electronic Structure and Reactivity
Trends in Group 1 Elements
Reactions of Group 1 Elements with Water
Reactions of Group 1 Elements with Oxygen
Reactions of Group 1 Elements with Group 7 Elements
Trends in Group 7 Elements
Displacement Reactions of Halogens
Reactions of Group 7 Elements with Iron
Tests for Halide Ions
Trends in Group 0 Elements
Reactivity of Group 0 Elements
Properties of Transition Metals
Uses of Transition Metals as Catalysts
Formation of Coloured Ions in Transition Metals
Flame Tests for Metal Ions
Tests for Hydrogen Gas
Tests for Oxygen Gas
Tests for Chlorine Gas
Metal vs Non-Metal Properties
Predicting Properties Using the Periodic Table
Predicting Reactivity Using the Periodic Table
Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis
Advantages of Instrumental Analysis
Interpreting Data from Instrumental Analysis
Specified Practical: Flame Tests and Chemical Tests
Unit 5
Bonding, Structure and Properties
Introduction to Ionic Bonding
Electrostatic Forces in Ionic Bonding
Dot and Cross Diagrams for Ionic Bonding
Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds
Introduction to Covalent Bonding
Electron Sharing in Covalent Bonding
Dot and Cross Diagrams for Covalent Bonding
Physical Properties of Simple Covalent Substances
Introduction to Metallic Bonding
Sea of Electrons in Metallic Bonding
Physical Properties of Metals
Limitations of Bonding Models
Carbon's Ability to Form Multiple Bonds
Introduction to Carbon Allotropes
Properties and Structure of Diamond
Properties and Structure of Graphite
Properties and Structure of Fullerenes
Properties and Structure of Graphene
Energy Transfers in Bonding and State Changes
Intermolecular Forces and State Changes
Comparing Atomic and Bulk Properties
Introduction to Nanoparticles
Size and Scale of Nanoparticles
Surface Area to Volume Ratio in Nanoparticles
Properties and Uses of Nano-Silver
Properties and Uses of Nano-Titanium Dioxide
Risks and Future of Nanotechnology
Unit 6
Reactivity Series and Extraction of Metals
Definition of Reactivity Series
Reactivity of Metals with Water
Reactivity of Metals with Acids
Displacement Reactions of Metals
Competition Reactions (Thermit Reaction)
Order of Reactivity from Experiments
Oxidation and Reduction (Oxygen Transfer)
Oxidation and Reduction (Electron Transfer)
Redox Reactions in Displacement
Redox Reactions in Electrolysis
Methods of Metal Extraction
Position in Reactivity Series and Extraction Method
Extraction of Iron in the Blast Furnace
Role of Carbon Monoxide in Iron Extraction
Formation of Slag in the Blast Furnace
Electrolysis of Molten Ionic Compounds
Products at Electrolysis Electrodes
Predicting Electrolysis Products (Molten State)
Electrolysis for Reactive Metal Extraction
Extraction of Aluminium from Bauxite
Role of Cryolite in Aluminium Extraction
Bacterial Metal Extraction (Bioleaching)
Phytoextraction of Metals
Electrolysis of Water
Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions
Competing Reactions in Electrolysis
Properties of Aluminium
Properties of Copper
Properties of Iron
Properties of Titanium
Linking Metal Properties to Uses
Tests for Copper(II) Ions in Solution
Tests for Iron(II) Ions in Solution
Tests for Iron(III) Ions in Solution
Unit 7
Chemistry of Acids
Reaction of Acids with Metals
Reaction of Acids with Bases
Reaction of Acids with Carbonates
Writing Equations for Acid Reactions
Test for Carbon Dioxide Gas
Test for Carbonate Ions Using Acid
Acids Dissolving in Water to Form Hydrogen Ions
Alkalis Dissolving in Water to Form Hydroxide Ions
Measuring pH Using Indicators
Measuring pH Digitally
Neutralisation Reactions with Bases
Neutralisation Reactions with Carbonates
Preparing Soluble Salts from Insoluble Bases
Preparing Soluble Salts from Carbonates
Titration Method for Preparing Soluble Salts
Using Titration to Determine Acid and Alkali Concentrations
Test for Sulfate Ions Using Barium Chloride
Hydrogen and Hydroxide Ions Reaction Equation
Dilute vs Concentrated Acids
Weak vs Strong Acids
Differences in Reactions of Strong and Weak Acids
Logarithmic Nature of the pH Scale
Effect of Hydrogen Ion Concentration on pH
Neutrality, Acidity, and Alkalinity in Terms of Hydrogen Ion Concentration
Mass and Moles Relationship in Solutions
Concentration of Solutions in mol/dm³
Calculating Concentration from Mass and Volume
Relationship Between Volumes and Concentrations in Reactions
Preparation of Crystals of Soluble Salts (Specified Practical)
Titration of Strong Acid Against Strong Base (Specified Practical)
Unit 8
Energy Changes in Chemistry
Exothermic Reactions
Endothermic Reactions
Temperature Changes in Reactions
Reaction Profiles for Exothermic Reactions
Reaction Profiles for Endothermic Reactions
Understanding Activation Energy
Energy Changes in Bond Breaking
Energy Changes in Bond Making
Calculating Bond Energy Changes
Chemical Cells and Energy Production
How Chemical Cells Work
Potential Difference in Chemical Cells
Fuel Cells Overview
Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cells
Advantages of Fuel Cells
Disadvantages of Fuel Cells
Comparing Fuel Cells to Other Energy Sources
Energy Conservation in Reactions
Interpreting Energy Profile Diagrams
Specifying Practical: Energy Released by Fuels
Evaluating Energy Changes in Everyday Applications
Social and Environmental Impacts of Energy Production
Economic Implications of Energy Use in Chemistry
Graphical Representation of Energy Changes
Common Exam Traps in Energy Calculations
Unit 9
Rate of Chemical Change and Dynamic Equilibrium
Defining Reaction Rate
Methods to Measure Reaction Rate
Gas Collection Method for Reaction Rate
Mass Loss Method for Reaction Rate
Precipitation Method for Reaction Rate
Interpreting Rate of Reaction Graphs
Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
Effect of Pressure on Reaction Rate
Effect of Surface Area on Reaction Rate
Collision Theory and Reaction Rate
Activation Energy and Reaction Rate
Role of Catalysts in Reactions
Identifying Catalysts in Reactions
Catalysts and Activation Energy
Enzymes as Biological Catalysts
Reversible Reactions Introduction
Dynamic Equilibrium Definition
Forward and Reverse Reaction Rates
Predicting Equilibrium Position Changes
Effect of Concentration on Equilibrium
Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium
Effect of Pressure on Equilibrium
Choosing Conditions for Equilibrium Products
Practical: Gas Collection Rate Investigation
Practical: Sodium Thiosulfate Reaction Rate
Practical: Catalyst Effect on Hydrogen Peroxide
Examining Reaction Rate Data Trends
Calculating Reaction Rates from Graphs
Unit 10
Carbon Compounds
Crude Oil as a Hydrocarbon Source
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Properties of Alkane Fractions
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
Importance of Hydrocarbons in Modern Life
Finite Nature of Crude Oil
Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry
Homologous Series Concept
Naming Straight-Chain Alkanes
Drawing Structural Formulae of Alkanes
Properties and Reactions of Alkanes
Naming Straight-Chain Alkenes
Drawing Structural Formulae of Alkenes
Addition Reactions of Alkenes
Combustion Reactions of Hydrocarbons
Functional Groups in Alcohols
Naming Straight-Chain Alcohols
Drawing Structural Formulae of Alcohols
Oxidation of Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids
Functional Groups in Carboxylic Acids
Naming Straight-Chain Carboxylic Acids
Drawing Structural Formulae of Carboxylic Acids
General Reactions of Functional Groups
Principles of Addition Polymerisation
Structure of Polymers from Alkene Monomers
Principles of Condensation Polymerisation
Functional Groups in Condensation Polymers
Formation of Small Molecules in Condensation Polymers
DNA as a Natural Polymer
Monomers in DNA Structure
Polymers Based on Sugars and Amino Acids
Evaluating Environmental Impact of Synthetic Polymers
Social and Economic Implications of Fossil Fuels
Unit 11
Production, Use and Disposal of Important Chemicals and Materials
The Importance of the Haber Process
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Agriculture
Drawbacks of Overusing Fertilisers
Industrial Production of Fertilisers
Laboratory vs Industrial Fertiliser Synthesis
Testing for Ammonia Gas
Testing for Ammonium Salts
Graphs of Reaction Conditions vs Rate
Rate vs Equilibrium Trade-Off in Industry
Factors in Siting Chemical Plants
Calculating Percentage Yield
Theoretical Yield Calculations
Defining Atom Economy
Calculating Atom Economy
Choosing Reaction Pathways for Products
Conditions and Process of Corrosion
Mitigation of Corrosion
Sacrificial Protection Against Corrosion
Composition and Properties of Alloys
Comparing Properties of Different Materials
Selecting Materials Based on Properties
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment
Interpreting Life Cycle Assessment Data
Recycling Processes and Viability
Factors Affecting Recycling Decisions
Percentage of Water in Hydrated Salts Practical
Unit 12
The Earth and Its Atmosphere
Formation of the Early Atmosphere
Role of Volcanic Activity in Atmosphere Formation
Development of Oxygen in the Atmosphere
Impact of Photosynthesis on Atmospheric Oxygen
Composition of the Modern Atmosphere
Greenhouse Effect Explained
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
Evidence for Human Impact on Climate Change
Correlation Between CO2 Levels and Fossil Fuel Use
Effects of Increased CO2 and Methane Levels
Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change
Sources of Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere
Sources of Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere
Sources of Oxides of Nitrogen in the Atmosphere
Sources of Particulates in the Atmosphere
Problems Caused by Atmospheric Pollutants
Potable Water Definition
Separation Techniques for Potable Water
Ease of Treating Waste Water
Groundwater Treatment Methods
Saltwater Desalination Techniques
Evaluating Methods to Increase Potable Water Availability
Impact of Air Pollution on Health and Environment
Economic Implications of Pollution Mitigation
Role of Peer Review in Climate Science
Interpreting CO2 and Temperature Graphs
Using Orders of Magnitude in Climate Data