By Revision Genie
Cells and Microscopy
Unit 1
Making a Temporary Slide
Using a Light Microscope
Drawing and Labelling Cells
Structures of Animal Cells
Functions of Animal Cell Components
Structures of Plant Cells
Functions of Plant Cell Components
Comparing Animal and Plant Cells
Structures of Bacterial Cells
Comparing Bacterial Cells with Plant and Animal Cells
Resolution in Electron Microscopy
Impact of Electron Microscopy on Cell Understanding
Estimating the Size of Biological Specimens
Measuring Specimens in SI Units
Using the Magnification Formula
Using Scale Bars for Size Calculation
Understanding Stem Cells in Animals
Understanding Stem Cells in Plants
Stem Cells and Cloning Techniques
Benefits and Risks of Stem Cell Use
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
Specialisation in Multicellular Organisms
Exchange Surfaces and Transport Systems
Surface Area to Volume Ratio in Cells
Diffusion in Cells and Organisms
Factors Affecting Diffusion Rate
Investigating Surface Area and Diffusion
Unit 2
Photosynthesis and Plants
Definition of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis as an Endothermic Process
Role of Chloroplasts in Photosynthesis
Word Equation for Photosynthesis
Balanced Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis
Light Absorption by Chlorophyll
Destarching a Plant
Testing a Leaf for Starch
Role of Light in Photosynthesis
Role of Carbon Dioxide in Photosynthesis
Role of Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis
Using Variegated Leaves in Photosynthesis Experiments
Production of Oxygen During Photosynthesis
Using Sodium Hydroxide to Absorb CO2
Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis
Effect of Temperature on Photosynthesis Rate
Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis Rate
Effect of CO2 Concentration on Photosynthesis Rate
Interpreting Data on Limiting Factors
Gas Exchange in Photosynthesis and Respiration
Hydrogencarbonate Indicator and CO2 Levels
Compensation Point in Plants
Structure of a Mesophytic Leaf
Adaptations of Epidermis for Photosynthesis
Role of Waxy Cuticle in Reducing Water Loss
Palisade Mesophyll Adaptations for Photosynthesis
Spongy Mesophyll Adaptations for Gas Exchange
Intercellular Spaces for Diffusion in Leaves
Role of Stomata and Guard Cells in Gas Exchange
Practical: Testing a Leaf for Starch
Unit 3
Nutrition and Enzymes
Food Test for Reducing Sugars
Food Test for Starch
Food Test for Proteins
Food Test for Fats
Reagents and Colour Changes in Food Tests
Structure and Role of Carbohydrates
Structure and Role of Lipids
Structure and Role of Proteins
Energy Content of Food Practical
Definition of Enzymes as Biological Catalysts
The Lock and Key Model of Enzyme Action
Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity
Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity
Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Reaction Rate
Role of Inhibitors in Enzyme Function
Enzymes in Digestion
Digestive Enzymes: Amylase
Digestive Enzymes: Protease
Digestive Enzymes: Lipase
Breaking Down Large Molecules in Digestion
Commercial Uses of Enzymes
Structure and Function of the Ileum
Adaptations of the Villi for Absorption
Role of the Lacteal in Fat Absorption
Absorption of Digested Nutrients
Prescribed Practical: Food Tests
Prescribed Practical: Effect of Temperature on Enzymes
Unit 4
Respiration and Breathing
Definition of Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Equation
Anaerobic Respiration in Muscles
Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast
Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
Uses of Energy from Respiration
Respiration as an Exothermic Reaction
Structure of the Respiratory System
Function of the Nasal Cavity
Role of the Trachea and Bronchi
Structure of Bronchioles and Alveoli
Function of the Diaphragm
Role of Intercostal Muscles and Ribs
Pleural Membranes and Pleural Fluid
Adaptations of Alveoli for Gas Exchange
Gas Exchange in Plants and Animals
Factors Affecting Diffusion in Gas Exchange
Mechanics of Breathing
Pressure and Volume Changes in Breathing
Using a Lung Model to Explain Breathing
Effect of Exercise on Breathing Rate
Effect of Exercise on Breathing Depth
Investigating Factors Affecting Yeast Respiration
Adaptations of Respiratory Surfaces
Common Exam Pitfalls in Respiration Equations
Interpreting Data on Respiration Rates
Practical: Investigating Respiration in Yeast
Practical: Measuring Breathing Rate During Exercise
Importance of Respiration in Active Transport
Respiration in Mitochondria
Role of Oxygen in Aerobic Respiration
Production of Lactic Acid in Anaerobic Respiration
Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide in Yeast Respiration
Energy Transfer in Respiration
Adaptations of the Lungs for Efficient Gas Exchange
Exam Technique: Comparing Respiration Types
Worked Example: Respiration Equation Problems
Diagram of the Human Respiratory System
Role of Carbon Dioxide in Respiration
Impact of Smoking on the Respiratory System
Environmental Factors Affecting Gas Exchange
Role of Moist Surfaces in Gas Exchange
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Respiration Data
Unit 5
Nervous System and Hormones
Comparing Nervous and Hormonal Systems
Structure and Function of the CNS
The Brain and Spinal Cord
The Eye: Structure and Function
Role of the Conjunctiva in Protection
Function of the Cornea in Refraction
Pupil and Iris: Light Regulation
Lens Function in Focusing Light
Aqueous and Vitreous Humour Roles
Retina and Light-Sensitive Cells
Optic Nerve and Signal Transmission
Accommodation: Ciliary Muscles and Lens
Structure and Adaptation of Neurones
Synapses and Chemical Transmission
Voluntary vs Reflex Actions
Pathway of the Reflex Arc
Homeostasis: Maintaining Internal Conditions
Blood Glucose Regulation and Insulin
Role of the Pancreas in Monitoring Glucose
Negative Feedback in Blood Glucose Control
Type 1 Diabetes: Causes and Management
Type 2 Diabetes: Causes and Management
Symptoms and Risks of Diabetes
Long-Term Effects of Diabetes
Structure of the Excretory System
Kidney Function in Osmoregulation
Water Balance and Kidney Filtration
Role of ADH in Water Reabsorption
Plant Hormones: Auxin and Phototropism
Auxin Production and Distribution
Cell Elongation and Shoot Bending
Unit 6
Ecological Relationships and Biodiversity
Definition of Biodiversity
Population, Habitat, and Community
Ecosystem and Environment
Measuring Abiotic Factors
Measuring Biotic Factors
Using Quadrats for Random Sampling
Using Quadrats for Belt Transects
Adaptations of Organisms to Environment
Competition in Plants
Competition in Animals
Human Influence on Ecosystems
Role of the Sun in Ecosystems
Producers and Energy Capture
Food Chains: Producers and Consumers
Food Webs and Energy Transfer
Efficiency of Energy Transfer
Short vs Long Food Chains
Pyramids of Numbers
Pyramids of Biomass
Advantages and Disadvantages of Pyramids
Role of Decomposers in Ecosystems
Extracellular Digestion by Decomposers
Recycling Nutrients in Ecosystems
Factors Affecting Decomposition Rates
The Carbon Cycle Processes
Photosynthesis in the Carbon Cycle
Respiration in the Carbon Cycle
Combustion and Fossilisation in the Carbon Cycle
Feeding and Egestion in the Carbon Cycle
Decomposition and Carbon Recycling
Causes of Global Warming
Effects of Global Warming on Ecosystems
Deforestation and Carbon Levels
Extreme Weather and Habitat Loss
Reducing Global Warming Effects
Nitrogen Cycle Processes
Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrification
Denitrification and Decomposition
Aerobic vs Anaerobic Nitrogen Processes
Minerals Absorbed by Plants
Role of Nitrates, Calcium, and Magnesium
Root Hair Cells Adaptations
Active Transport in Mineral Uptake
Natural vs Artificial Fertilisers
Causes of Eutrophication
Effects of Eutrophication on Aquatic Life
Role of Microorganisms in Eutrophication
Positive Human Actions for Biodiversity
Reforestation and Sustainable Practices
International Treaties for CO2 Reduction
Unit 7
Osmosis and Plant Transport
Defining Osmosis
Selective Permeable Membranes
Osmosis in Plant Cells
Plasmolysis and Turgidity
Role of Cell Walls in Osmosis
Investigating Osmosis with Plant Tissue
Using Visking Tubing to Model Osmosis
Defining Transpiration
Evaporation and Diffusion in Transpiration
Factors Affecting Transpiration Rate
Using a Potometer to Measure Water Uptake
Investigating Water Loss Using Leaves
Surface Area and Transpiration
Wind and Transpiration
Temperature and Transpiration
Humidity and Transpiration
Light Intensity and Transpiration
The Role of Water in Plant Support
Water Transport in Plants
Water in Photosynthesis
Water in Transpiration
Structure of Mesophyll Cells
Stomata and Guard Cells
Intercellular Spaces and Gas Exchange
Adaptations of Leaves for Transpiration
Examining Turgid and Plasmolysed Cells
Common Exam Traps in Osmosis Questions
Common Exam Traps in Transpiration Questions
Unit 8
Circulatory System
Functions of Red Blood Cells
Adaptations of Red Blood Cells
Functions of White Blood Cells
Functions of Platelets
Role of Plasma in Transport
Blood Smear Examination
Cell Lysis in Red Blood Cells
Structure of Arteries
Structure of Veins
Structure of Capillaries
Functions of Arteries
Functions of Veins
Functions of Capillaries
Double Circulation Flow
Blood Vessels in Major Organs
Effects of Exercise on Pulse Rate
Exercise and Cardiac Output
Exercise and Heart Rate Changes
Heart Muscle Strengthening
Structure of the Heart
Functions of Heart Chambers
Role of Heart Valves
Coronary Blood Vessels
Unidirectional Pump Mechanism
Impact of Exercise on Circulatory System
Increased Oxygen Demand During Exercise
Increased Glucose Demand During Exercise
Higher Blood Pressure During Exercise
Strengthening Heart Muscle with Exercise
Unit 9
Reproduction and Fertility
Male Reproductive System Structure
Male Reproductive System Function
Female Reproductive System Structure
Female Reproductive System Function
Sperm Cell Adaptations
Egg Cell Adaptations
Fertilisation Process in Humans
Zygote Formation and Mitosis
Embryo Development and Differentiation
Placenta Structure and Function
Umbilical Cord Role in Pregnancy
Amnion and Amniotic Fluid Functions
Testosterone and Male Secondary Characteristics
Oestrogen and Female Secondary Characteristics
Menstrual Cycle Phases
Role of Oestrogen in Menstrual Cycle
Role of Progesterone in Menstrual Cycle
Ovulation and Fertilisation Timing
Causes of Infertility in Humans
Hormonal Fertility Treatments
In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) Process
Embryo Transfer Techniques
Mechanical Contraception Methods
Chemical Contraception Methods
Surgical Contraception Methods
Contraception Ethical Considerations
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
HIV and AIDS Prevention
Chlamydia and Infertility Link
Unit 10
Genetics and DNA
Definition of Genome
Chromosomes and Their Structure
Genes and Alleles Explained
DNA Structure and Double Helix
Base Pairing Rules in DNA
DNA and Protein Synthesis Link
The Base Triplet Hypothesis
Purpose of Cell Division
Mitosis Overview
Meiosis Overview
Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis
Genetic Diagrams for Monohybrid Crosses
Dominant and Recessive Alleles
Genotype vs Phenotype
Homozygous and Heterozygous Traits
Using Punnett Squares
Interpreting Pedigree Diagrams
Mendel’s Contributions to Genetics
Sex Determination via X and Y Chromosomes
Inheritance of Genetic Conditions
Haemophilia Inheritance
Cystic Fibrosis Genetics
Huntington’s Disease Genetics
Down’s Syndrome Causes
Genetic Screening Techniques
Ethical Issues in Genetic Screening
Genetic Engineering Definition
Steps in Genetic Engineering
Producing Human Insulin via Genetic Engineering
Role of Restriction Enzymes in Genetic Engineering
Sticky Ends in Genetic Engineering
Advantages of Genetic Engineering
Variation Types: Continuous vs Discontinuous
Genetic Basis of Variation
Environmental Influence on Variation
Natural Selection and Evolution
Antibiotic Resistance and Natural Selection
Role of Fossils in Evolution Evidence
Extinction Causes and Processes
Selective Breeding Techniques
Benefits and Risks of Selective Breeding
Examining Genetic Probabilities in Crosses
Common Exam Errors in Genetics
Unit 11
Variation and Natural Selection
Definition of Variation
Types of Variation: Continuous
Types of Variation: Discontinuous
Graphical Representation of Variation
Environmental Basis of Variation
Mutations and Their Role in Variation
Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Diversity
Natural Selection: Concept and Process
Competition and Survival of the Fittest
Adaptation and Phenotypic Advantage
Antibiotic Resistance as an Example
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Extinction: Causes and Consequences
Selective Breeding: Principles
Selective Breeding in Food Plants
Selective Breeding in Domesticated Animals
Advantages of Selective Breeding
Risks and Ethical Issues in Selective Breeding
Difference Between Natural and Artificial Selection
Examples of Selective Breeding in Agriculture
Examples of Selective Breeding in Pets
Selective Breeding Over Generations
Impact of Selective Breeding on Genetic Diversity
Evolution of New Species
Genetic Drift vs Natural Selection
Environmental Changes and Evolution
Examining Speciation Processes
Human Influence on Natural Selection
Selective Breeding vs Genetic Engineering
Worked Example: Continuous Variation Graph
Worked Example: Discontinuous Variation Graph
Common Exam Pitfalls in Variation Questions
Common Exam Pitfalls in Natural Selection Questions
Interpreting Data on Variation and Evolution
Applying Natural Selection to Real-World Scenarios
Selective Breeding Case Study: Wheat
Selective Breeding Case Study: Livestock
Selective Breeding Case Study: Dogs
Selective Breeding Case Study: Disease Resistance
Selective Breeding and Ethical Considerations
Variation and Population Genetics
Natural Selection and Climate Change
Selective Breeding and Food Security
Selective Breeding and Biodiversity Loss
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Evolution Evidence
Exam Trap: Confusing Variation Types
Unit 12
Health and Disease
Definition of Health
Communicable vs Non-Communicable Diseases
Economic Costs of Diseases
Bacterial Diseases and Their Spread
Viral Diseases and Their Spread
Fungal Diseases and Their Spread
Preventing Communicable Diseases
Treating Communicable Diseases
Aseptic Techniques in Microbiology
Skin and Mucous Membranes as Defences
Blood Clotting as a Defence Mechanism
Antibodies and Antigen Reactions
Role of Phagocytes in Defence
Memory Lymphocytes and Secondary Response
Active vs Passive Immunity
Plant Structural Defences Against Disease
Chemical Defences in Plants
Discovery of Penicillin
Development of Penicillin by Florey and Chain
Preclinical Drug Trials
Clinical Drug Trials
Role of Peer Review in Medicine Development
Antibiotics and Their Function
Investigating Antibiotics on Bacterial Growth
Antibiotic Resistance and Superbugs
Procedures to Reduce Superbugs
How Vaccines Work
Role of Booster Vaccinations
Graphs of Antibody Levels After Vaccination
Inherited Factors in Non-Communicable Diseases
Lifestyle Factors in Non-Communicable Diseases
Interactions Between Diseases
Causes of Heart Attacks and Strokes
Effects of Blockages in Blood Vessels
Treatments for Cardiovascular Disease
Lifestyle Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Risk
Uncontrolled Cell Division and Tumors
Benign vs Malignant Tumors
Lifestyle Choices and Cancer Risk
Screening Programs for Early Cancer Detection
Surgery as a Cancer Treatment
Radiotherapy for Cancer
Chemotherapy for Cancer
Immunotherapy for Cancer
Unit 13
Practical Skills
Identifying Variables in Experiments
Forming Hypotheses and Predictions
Planning Methods for Investigations
Conducting Risk Assessments
Choosing Suitable Equipment for Accuracy
Creating Results Tables with Units
Drawing Diagrams of Experimental Apparatus
Ensuring Reliability in Data Collection
Using Apparatus Safely and Skillfully
Recording Accurate and Repeatable Results
Plotting Graphs with Scales and Labels
Analyzing Experimental Data
Drawing Straight Lines and Curves on Graphs
Making Deductions from Observations
Drawing Evidence-Based Conclusions
Identifying Anomalous Results in Data
Evaluating Reliability of Experimental Data
Developing Arguments from Evidence
Making Temporary Slides for Microscopy
Testing Leaves for Starch in Photosynthesis
Measuring Energy Content in Food Samples
Investigating Enzyme Activity and Temperature
Studying Yeast Respiration Factors
Using Quadrats for Habitat Sampling
Measuring Osmosis in Plant Tissue
Using Potometers for Water Uptake Studies
Testing Antibiotics on Bacterial Growth
Interpreting Graphs of Experimental Data
Understanding Controlled Conditions in Booklet A
Collaborative Work in Practical Assessments
Handling Experimental Anomalies in Booklet B
Preparing for External Practical Assessments
Using Data Leaflets in Experiments
Ensuring Health and Safety in Practical Work
Exploring Variables Affecting Photosynthesis
Investigating Factors in Osmosis Experiments
Analyzing Respiration Data in Yeast Studies
Assessing Experimental Limitations
Understanding Apparatus Setup for Booklet A
Examining Methods for Reliable Results
Evaluating Practical Techniques for Accuracy
Understanding Experimental Controls
Using Statistical Methods in Biology Experiments
Graphical Representation of Experimental Data
Critiquing Experimental Design and Execution
Exploring the Role of Repeat Trials
Understanding Prescribed Practical Tasks