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Applied Anatomy and Physiology
Unit 1
The Skeletal System and Its Functions
Types of Joints in the Human Body
Connective Tissues and Their Roles
Planes of Movement in Anatomy
Muscle Roles: Agonist, Antagonist, Fixator
Types of Muscle Contraction
Analyzing Movement in Sport
Motor Units and Skeletal Muscle Contraction
The 'All or None' Law in Muscle Contraction
Muscle Fibre Types and Their Functions
Cardiovascular System at Rest
Cardiac Cycle: Diastole and Systole
Conduction System of the Heart
Cardiovascular System During Exercise
Vascular Shunt Mechanism
Venous Return Mechanisms
Regulation of Heart Rate
Respiratory System at Rest
Mechanics of Breathing at Rest
Gas Exchange at the Alveoli and Muscles
Respiratory System During Exercise
Regulation of Breathing During Exercise
ATP as Energy Currency
Coupled Reactions and ATP Resynthesis
The ATP-PC System
The Glycolytic System
The Aerobic Energy System
Energy Continuum in Physical Activity
Interplay of Energy Systems
Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
Recovery Processes After Exercise
Effects of Altitude on Body Systems
Acclimatization to Altitude
Exercise in Heat and Cardiovascular Drift
Components of a Balanced Diet
Ergogenic Aids: Benefits and Risks
Energy Balance in Physical Activity
Aerobic Training and VO2 Max
Strength Training: Types and Methods
Flexibility Training: Techniques and Benefits
Periodization of Training Cycles
Impact of Training on Lifestyle Diseases
Acute and Chronic Sporting Injuries
Injury Prevention Strategies
Responding to Injuries Using SALTAPS
Rehabilitation of Common Sports Injuries
Newton's Laws of Motion in Biomechanics
Force: Definitions and Applications
Free Body Diagrams in Biomechanics
Levers: Types and Components
Mechanical Advantage of Lever Systems
Technology in Biomechanical Analysis
Linear Motion: Definitions and Calculations
Graphs of Linear Motion
Angular Motion: Definitions and Calculations
Moment of Inertia and Angular Velocity
Fluid Mechanics: Air Resistance and Drag
Projectile Motion and Bernoulli's Principle
Magnus Force and Spin in Sport
Unit 2
Exercise Physiology
Components of a Healthy Diet
Carbohydrates in Physical Activity
Proteins and Muscle Repair
Fats and Energy Storage
Minerals and Their Functions
Vitamins in Athletic Performance
Role of Fibre in Diet
Hydration and Sports Performance
Pharmacological Ergogenic Aids
Physiological Ergogenic Aids
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids
Aerobic Training Methods
Factors Affecting VO2 Max
Evaluating Aerobic Capacity
Strength Training Types
Factors Affecting Muscle Strength
Evaluating Strength Levels
Strength Training Techniques
Physiological Adaptations to Strength Training
Flexibility Training Methods
Factors Affecting Flexibility
Evaluating Flexibility
Adaptations from Flexibility Training
Periodisation Cycles in Training
Phases of Training Plans
Lifestyle Diseases and Training Impact
Acute Injuries in Sports
Chronic Injuries in Sports
Intrinsic Risk Factors for Injury
Extrinsic Risk Factors for Injury
Warm-Up and Cool-Down Debate
Responding to Injuries with SALTAPS
PRICE Method for Injury Management
Recognising Concussion with 6 R’s
Rehabilitation Techniques for Injuries
Stretching and Massage for Recovery
Heat, Cold, and Contrast Therapies
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Recovery
Physiotherapy and Surgery for Injuries
Adaptations to Cardiovascular Training
Adaptations to Respiratory Training
Adaptations to Muscular Training
Adaptations to Metabolic Systems
Unit 3
Biomechanics
Newton's First Law of Motion
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Newton's Third Law of Motion
Understanding Net Force
Balanced vs Unbalanced Forces
Weight and Reaction Forces
Friction in Sports Performance
Air Resistance in Motion
Free Body Diagrams
Calculating Force in Biomechanics
Momentum and Sports Applications
Acceleration and Deceleration
Centre of Mass Definition
Factors Affecting Centre of Mass
Centre of Mass and Stability
Components of a Lever System
The First Class Lever
The Second Class Lever
The Third Class Lever
Mechanical Advantage of Levers
Limb Kinematics in Sports
Force Plates for Analysis
Wind Tunnels in Performance Optimization
Linear Motion Definition
Creating Linear Motion
Calculating Distance and Displacement
Speed and Velocity in Motion
Acceleration in Linear Motion
Interpreting Distance-Time Graphs
Interpreting Speed-Time Graphs
Interpreting Velocity-Time Graphs
Angular Motion Definition
Creating Angular Motion
Axes of Rotation in Angular Motion
Moment of Inertia Definition
Angular Velocity and Momentum
Factors Affecting Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia and Angular Velocity Relationship
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Interpreting Angular Motion Graphs
Fluid Mechanics in Sports
Factors Affecting Air Resistance
Factors Affecting Drag in Water
Projectile Motion Definition
Factors Affecting Projectile Distance
Free Body Diagrams for Projectiles
Parabolic Flight Paths in Sports
Non-Parabolic Flight Paths in Sports
Bernoulli’s Principle in Projectile Motion
Lift Forces in Sports Equipment Design
Magnus Force and Spin in Sports
Unit 4
Skill Acquisition
Skill Classification: Simple vs Complex
Skill Classification: Open vs Closed
Skill Classification: Self-paced vs Externally-paced
Skill Classification: Gross vs Fine
Skill Classification: Discrete, Serial, Continuous
Skill Classification: Low vs High Organisation
Part Practice: Characteristics and Uses
Whole Practice: Characteristics and Uses
Whole-Part-Whole Practice: Characteristics and Uses
Progressive Part Practice: Characteristics and Uses
Massed Practice: Characteristics and Uses
Distributed Practice: Characteristics and Uses
Fixed Practice: Characteristics and Uses
Varied Practice: Characteristics and Uses
Positive Transfer of Skills
Negative Transfer of Skills
Proactive and Retroactive Transfer
Bilateral Transfer of Skills
Optimising Positive Transfer
Limiting Negative Transfer
Operant Conditioning in Skill Learning
Cognitive Theory of Skill Learning
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
Cognitive Stage of Learning: Characteristics
Associative Stage of Learning: Characteristics
Autonomous Stage of Learning: Characteristics
Verbal Guidance: Advantages and Disadvantages
Visual Guidance: Advantages and Disadvantages
Manual Guidance: Advantages and Disadvantages
Mechanical Guidance: Advantages and Disadvantages
Intrinsic Feedback: Uses and Benefits
Extrinsic Feedback: Uses and Benefits
Positive Feedback: Uses and Benefits
Negative Feedback: Uses and Benefits
Knowledge of Performance Feedback
Knowledge of Results Feedback
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Multi-Store Memory Model
Selective Attention in Skill Learning
Craik and Lockhart’s Levels of Processing Model
Applying Memory Models to Motor Skills
Unit 5
Sports Psychology
Definition of Personality in Sport
Trait Theories of Personality
Social Learning Theory of Personality
Interactionist Approach to Personality
Definition and Components of Attitude
Factors Affecting Attitude Formation
Methods of Attitude Change
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Effects of Motivation on Performance
Definition and Theories of Arousal
Drive Theory of Arousal
Inverted U Theory of Arousal
Catastrophe Theory of Arousal
Definition and Types of Anxiety
Responses to Anxiety in Sport
Zone of Optimal Functioning
Definition and Theories of Aggression
Instinct Theory of Aggression
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Aggressive Cue Hypothesis
Social Learning Theory of Aggression
Social Facilitation and Inhibition
Evaluative Apprehension in Sport
Strategies to Minimise Social Inhibition
Definition and Formation of Groups
Stages of Group Development
Steiner’s Model of Group Effectiveness
Ringelmann Effect and Social Loafing
Importance of Goal Setting in Sport
SMART Principle for Goal Setting
Weiner’s Model of Attribution
Learned Helplessness in Sport
Mastery Orientation in Sport
Definition of Sports Confidence
Impact of Confidence on Performance
Vealey’s Model of Sports Confidence
Bandura’s Theory of Self-Efficacy
Characteristics of Effective Leaders
Leadership Styles in Sport
Chelladurai’s Model of Sports Leadership
Definition and Causes of Stress
Cognitive Stress Management Techniques
Somatic Stress Management Techniques
Unit 6
Sport and Society
Pre-Industrial Britain: Social Class in Sport
Pre-Industrial Britain: Gender in Sport
Pre-Industrial Britain: Law and Order's Impact
Pre-Industrial Britain: Education and Literacy
Pre-Industrial Britain: Time Availability for Sport
Pre-Industrial Britain: Transport and Sport Accessibility
Post-Industrial Britain: Amateurism vs Professionalism
Post-Industrial Britain: Changing Role of Women
Post-Industrial Britain: Law and Order Developments
Post-Industrial Britain: Education's Role in Sport
Post-Industrial Britain: Work Conditions and Sport
Post-Industrial Britain: Railways and Sport Expansion
Public Schools: Promotion of Sports Ethics
Public Schools: Athleticism and its Impact
Public Schools: Exporting Sports Globally
20th Century Britain: Class and Professionalism
20th Century Britain: Women’s Role in Sport
20th Century Britain: Education in Sport
20th Century Britain: Transport Advancements
21st Century Britain: Social Class in Sport
21st Century Britain: Gender Equality in Sport
21st Century Britain: Media's Role in Globalisation
21st Century Britain: Freedom of Movement for Athletes
Modern Olympic Games: Background and Aims
Berlin 1936: Political Exploitation of Olympics
Mexico City 1968: Black Power Demonstration
Munich 1972: Palestinian Terrorism Impact
Moscow 1980: USA-led Boycott
Los Angeles 1984: Soviet Union Boycott
Hosting Global Sporting Events: Sporting Impact
Hosting Global Sporting Events: Social Impact
Hosting Global Sporting Events: Economic Impact
Hosting Global Sporting Events: Political Impact
Ethics in Sport: Legal Supplements vs Illegal Doping
Ethics in Sport: Causes of Violence in Sport
Ethics in Sport: Gambling and Match Fixing
Commercialisation of Sport: Growing Public Interest
Commercialisation of Sport: Media Coverage Changes
Commercialisation of Sport: Positive Impacts
Commercialisation of Sport: Negative Impacts
Media and Sport: The Golden Triangle
Routes to Sporting Excellence: Talent Identification
Routes to Sporting Excellence: Role of Schools and Clubs
Routes to Sporting Excellence: UK Sport's Role
Modern Technology: Impact on Elite Performance
Modern Technology: Increasing General Participation
Modern Technology: Ensuring Fair Outcomes
Modern Technology: Enhancing Entertainment
Unit 7
Contemporary Issues in Sport
Ethics in Sport: Definition and Importance
Legal Supplements vs Illegal Drugs
Reasons for Doping in Sport
Consequences of Doping: Society, Sport, Performers
Strategies to Combat Doping
Violence in Sport: Causes and Implications
Preventing Violence in Sport
Match Fixing and Bribery in Sport
Illegal Sports Betting: Impact and Prevention
Commercialisation in Sport: Definition and Factors
Impact of Commercialisation on Society and Sport
Impact of Commercialisation on Performers and Spectators
Media Coverage of Sport: Evolution Since 1980s
Positive Effects of Media on Sport
Negative Effects of Media on Sport
The Golden Triangle: Sport, Media, Sponsorship
Talent Identification in UK Sport
Role of Schools, Clubs, Universities in Elite Sport
UK Sport and National Institutes: Functions and Impact
Addressing Drop-Out Rates in Elite Sport
Modern Technology: Impact on Elite Sport
Modern Technology: Increasing Participation
Modern Technology: Barriers to Participation
Technology Limitations in Fair Outcomes
Technology Challenges in Sports Entertainment
Political Exploitation of Olympic Games: Case Studies
Impacts of Hosting Global Sporting Events
Positive Sporting Impacts of Hosting Events
Negative Sporting Impacts of Hosting Events
Social Impacts of Hosting Events: Benefits and Drawbacks
Economic Impacts of Hosting Events: Analysis
Political Impacts of Hosting Events: Opportunities and Risks
Unit 8
Practical Performance Assessment
Understanding Practical Performance Assessment
Role of Performer in Assessment
Role of Coach in Assessment
Approved List of Activities
Demonstrating Core Skills in Performance
Demonstrating Advanced Skills in Performance
Demonstrating Core Skills in Coaching
Demonstrating Advanced Skills in Coaching
Use of Tactics in Performance
Use of Techniques in Performance
Use of Tactics in Coaching
Use of Techniques in Coaching
Observing Rules and Conventions in Sport
Assessing Performance Under Applied Conditions
Video Evidence Requirements for NEA
Internal Marking Criteria for Performance
Internal Marking Criteria for Coaching
Moderation Process for Practical Performance
Common Pitfalls in Practical Assessment
Effective Communication as a Coach
Planning Strategies in Coaching
Adapting Techniques to Different Scenarios
Evaluating Tactical Decisions in Sport
Improving Technique Through Feedback
Understanding Performance Metrics
Using Observation to Improve Performance
Preparation for Practical Assessment
Time Management in Practical Activities
Adherence to Safety Standards in Sport
Building Confidence in Practical Performance
Effective Warm-Up Techniques for Assessment
Cool-Down Techniques in Practical Activities
Impact of Environmental Conditions on Performance
Incorporating Feedback for Skill Development
Understanding the Role of Physical Fitness in Practical Assessment
Strategies for Handling Assessment Pressure
Developing Teamwork Skills in Practical Performance
Importance of Consistency in Performance
Using Technology to Analyse Performance
Ethical Considerations in Practical Assessment
Reviewing and Reflecting on Practical Performance
Unit 9
Evaluating and Analysing Performance for Improvement
Purpose of EAPI in Physical Education
Steps to Observe a Peer’s Performance
Live vs Recorded Performance Observation
Techniques for Effective Observation
Identifying Strengths in Performance
Identifying Weaknesses in Performance
Understanding Approved Activities List
Using Movement Analysis in Evaluation
Biomechanical Principles in Performance Analysis
Psychological Factors Affecting Performance
Sociocultural Influences on Performance
Linking Physiological Knowledge to Evaluation
Using Skill Classification in Analysis
Role of Feedback in Performance Improvement
Types of Feedback: Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Positive vs Negative Feedback
Knowledge of Results vs Performance Feedback
Constructing an Oral Analysis Response
Structuring Critical Evaluation of Performance
Evaluating Tactical Decision-Making in Sports
Analyzing Technical Skills in Sports Activities
Evaluating Physical Fitness Components
Application of Training Principles in Feedback
Strategies for Improvement in Weak Areas
Goal Setting for Performance Enhancement
SMART Goals in Performance Improvement
Linking Psychological Theories to Feedback
Addressing Anxiety and Arousal Issues
Common Errors in Performance Analysis
Avoiding Bias in Peer Evaluation
Using Data and Evidence in Evaluation
Role of Technology in Performance Analysis
Interpretation of Statistical Performance Data
Understanding the Role of Leadership
Group Dynamics in Team Sports Analysis
Evaluating Environmental Factors on Performance
Time Management in Oral Response Delivery
Examining Ethical Considerations in Feedback
Adapting Feedback for Different Skill Levels
Use of Visual Aids in Oral Responses
Common Missteps in EAPI Oral Responses
Evaluating Decision-Making Under Pressure
Role of Motivation in Performance Analysis
Analyzing Recovery and Fatigue in Performance
Understanding Performance Phases
Incorporating Long-term Improvement Plans
Synoptic Connections Across PE Topics
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