By Revision Genie
Exercise physiology, training and performance
Unit 1
Why Physical Activity Matters for Health and Fitness
Benefits of an Active Lifestyle
Risks of a Sedentary Lifestyle
Heart Rate, Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output
The Heart as a Dual-Action Pump
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation
The Cardiac Cycle
Frank-Starling Mechanism
Venous Return During Exercise
Neural Control of the Heart
The Cardiac Control Centre
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Control
Vascular Shunt in Exercise
Structure and Function of Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
Blood Pressure, Resistance and Flow
Respiratory Response to Exercise Intensity
Receptor Control During Exercise
Chemoreceptors, Proprioceptors, Thermoreceptors and Baroreceptors
Neuromuscular Changes During Warm-Up and Exercise
Steady State During Aerobic Exercise
VO2 Max and Exercise Capacity
Interpreting Short-Term Response Graphs
Bone Density Adaptations to Training
Articular Cartilage, Ligament and Tendon Adaptations
Muscular Hypertrophy
Fibre Type Changes with Training
Increased Force of Muscular Contraction
Bradycardia in Trained Performers
Cardiac Hypertrophy and Ejection Fraction
Lung Volume Adaptations
Pulmonary Diffusion and Training
Training and Improvements in VO2 Max
Myoglobin, Capillarisation and Glycogen Stores
Interpreting Long-Term Adaptation Graphs
Field-Based Fitness Testing Basics
Maximal and Sub-Maximal Testing
Laboratory Fitness Testing
VO2 Max Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer Tests
The 30-Second Wingate Power Test
Health-Related Components of Fitness
Skill-Related Components of Fitness
Choosing the Right Fitness Test
Interpreting Normative Data and Previous Test Scores
Validity, Reliability and Relevance in Fitness Testing
Sport-Specific Testing
Continuous Training
Fartlek Training
Interval Training
High Intensity Training
Circuit Training
Plyometric Training
Weight Training
Mobility and Flexibility Training
Active, Passive and Ballistic Stretching
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
Linking Components of Fitness to Training Methods
Specificity in Training
Progressive Overload
Reversibility
Variance
FITT as a Training Framework
Monitoring Training Intensity
Heart Rate Monitors in Training
Training Zones and Training Thresholds
Borg’s Rating of Perceived Exertion
Periodisation and the Training Year
Macrocycles, Mesocycles and Microcycles
Altitude Training
Training in Different Climates
Strength, Power and Muscular Endurance Through Weights
ATP as the Immediate Energy Source
The ATP-PC System
Anaerobic Glycolysis
Aerobic Glycolysis
The Energy Continuum
Matching Energy Systems to Activity Type
VO2 Max, Anaerobic Threshold and Performance
Interpreting Energy System Graphs
What Causes Fatigue
Fatigue and Performance Decline
Blood Lactate and OBLA
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness
Oxygen Deficit and Oxygen Debt
Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption
Fast Recovery During EPOC
Slow Recovery During EPOC
Recovery of Creatine Phosphate and Myoglobin
Glycogen Restoration After Exercise
Lactic Acid Removal and the Cori Cycle
Dehydration, Electrolytes and Performance
Active Cool Down and Recovery
Ice Baths, Compression Clothing and Massage
Nutrition and Supplementation for Recovery
The Balanced Diet for Sport
Carbohydrates for Training and Performance
Fats for Energy
Proteins for Repair and Adaptation
Energy Balance and Calorific Intake
Glycaemic Index in Sport
High, Medium and Low GI Foods
Pre-Competition Nutrition
Nutrition During Exercise
Post-Exercise Refuelling
Carbo-Loading
Hydration Before, During and After Exercise
Isotonic, Hypotonic and Hypertonic Drinks
Protein Supplements in Sport
Creatine Use and Misuse
Caffeine as an Ergogenic Aid
Ethical and Practical Issues with Supplements
Why Warm-Ups Prevent Injury
Physiological Benefits of a Warm-Up
Why Cool-Downs Matter
Physiological Benefits of a Cool-Down
PAR-Q and Readiness for Exercise
Rules, Officials and Safe Participation
Protective Equipment and Safe Environments
Predictors of Injury
Muscle Weakness, Imbalance and Stiffness
Overtraining and Injury Risk
Core Stability and Conditioning for Injury Prevention
Stretching and Rest in Injury Prevention
PRICE for Minor Injuries
Rehabilitation Methods in Sport
Ice Baths, Kinesio Taping, Hypoxic Tents, Massage and Electrotherapy
Unit 2
Movement analysis, technology and biomechanics
Classifying Joints by Structure
Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial Joints
Hinge, Pivot, Ball and Socket, Gliding and Ellipsoid Joints
Joint Types in Sporting Actions
Functions of the Skeletal System
The Axial Skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton
Types of Bone in Sport
Ligaments, Tendons and Cartilage
Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle
Major Muscles of the Body
Pectoralis Major and Deltoid in Action
Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi and Erector Spinae in Action
Biceps Brachii and Triceps Brachii in Action
Abdominals and Gluteus Maximus in Action
Quadriceps and Hamstrings in Action
Tibialis Anterior, Gastrocnemius and Soleus in Action
Slow Twitch and Fast Twitch Fibres
Fibre Types and Sporting Performance
Agonists, Antagonists, Fixators and Synergists
Concentric Contractions
Eccentric Contractions
Isometric Contractions
Antagonistic Muscle Action in Sport
Planes of Movement
Axes of Rotation
Matching Planes and Axes
Flexion and Extension
Abduction and Adduction
Rotation and Circumduction
Pronation and Supination
Plantar Flexion and Dorsi Flexion
Lateral Flexion
Horizontal Adduction and Abduction
Identifying Movement Patterns in Skills
Newton’s First Law in Sport
Newton’s Second Law in Sport
Newton’s Third Law in Sport
Momentum in Physical Activity
Impact and Impulse
Impulse as a Vector Quantity
Reading Force-Time Graphs
Stability and Equilibrium
Stable, Unstable and Neutral Equilibrium
Base of Support and Centre of Mass
Lever Systems in the Body
Fulcrum, Effort and Load
First Class Levers
Second Class Levers
Third Class Levers
Mechanical Advantage and Disadvantage
Distance and Displacement
Speed and Velocity
Acceleration in Sport
Reading Distance-Time Graphs
Reading Speed-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs
Angular Displacement
Angular Velocity
Angular Acceleration
Moment of Inertia
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Radius of Gyration and Rate of Spin
Gravity, Weight and Projectile Motion
Velocity of Release
Height of Release
Air Resistance in Flight
The Parabolic Flight Path
Lift Forces in Sport
Bernoulli Principle in Sport
Magnus Effect
Pressure Differentials and Spin
Topspin, Backspin and Sidespin
Bounce and Flight of Spinning Objects
Drag and Fluid Friction
Laminar Flow
Surface Area and Surface Effects
Streamlining in Sport
Reducing Air Resistance in Cycling and Swimming
Plotting and Interpreting Biomechanics Graphs
Definitions, Formulae and Units in Biomechanics
Why Coaches Analyse Performance
Limits of Real-Time Observation
Qualitative Performance Analysis
Quantitative Performance Analysis
Choosing the Right Analysis Method
Video Analysis in Sport
Split-Screen, Slow Motion and Frame-by-Frame Analysis
Notational Analysis in Sport
Time-Motion Analysis
GPS Tracking Systems
Performance Analysis in the Media
Technology for Performers
Technology for Officials
Technology for Spectators
Equipment Innovation in Sport
Developments in Tennis Rackets, Football Boots and Swimsuits
Cycle Design and Pole Vault Technology
Clothing Design and Performance
Technology in Disability and Paralympic Sport
Safety Technology in Sport
Instant Replay and Wireless Communication
TMO, Video Referee and Referral Systems
Hawkeye, Hot Spot and Snickometer
Goal-Line Technology and Tennis Challenges
Umpire Decision Review Systems
Slow Motion, 3D TV and Interactive Viewing
Social Media and Spectator Experience
Technological Doping
The Level Playing Field Debate
Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology in Sport
Using Data Analysis to Optimise Performance
Unit 3
Sport psychology
What Personality Means in Sport
Trait Theory
Interactionist Theory
Social Learning Theory
Extrovert and Introvert Personalities
Stable and Neurotic Personalities
Type A and Type B Behaviour
Personality and Choice of Sport
Personality and Performance
Observation for Personality Profiling
Questionnaires for Personality Profiling
Interviews for Personality Profiling
POMS Profiling
Strengths and Limits of Personality Profiling
What Attitudes Are in Sport
The Triadic Model of Attitudes
Cognitive, Affective and Behavioural Components
Prejudice and Stereotyping in Sport
Inconsistencies in Attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance
Persuasion and Attitude Change
Why Attitudes Change or Stay Fixed
Why Goal Setting Improves Performance
Outcome Goals
Performance Goals
Process Goals
Short-, Medium- and Long-Term Goals
SMART Goal Setting
Matching Goals to the Performer
Stress, Arousal and Anxiety Defined
Drive Theory
Inverted-U Theory
Catastrophe Theory
Zone of Optimal Functioning
Peak Flow Experiences
Trait and State Anxiety
Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety
Measuring Stress and Arousal
Heart Rate, Breathing, Sweating and Hormonal Measures
Observation and Questionnaires
SCAT and CSAI-2
Audience Effects on Arousal
Arousal and Skill Type
Arousal and Level of Expertise
Breathing Control
Relaxation Techniques
Biofeedback
Imagery for Anxiety Control
Self-Talk for Anxiety Control
Goal Setting for Anxiety Control
Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Tangible and Intangible Rewards
Benefits and Drawbacks of Rewards
Achievement Motivation
Need to Achieve and Need to Avoid Failure
Competitiveness in Sport
Motivation, Self-Confidence and Self-Efficacy
Developing Motivation in Young Performers
Aggression, Assertion and Control
Hostile and Instrumental Aggression
Instinct Theory and Catharsis
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Cue Arousal Theory
Social Learning Theory of Aggression
Causes of Aggression in Sport
Poor Officiating, Temperature and Crowd Effects
Strategies to Control Aggression
Social Facilitation Basics
Co-Actors and Audience Effects
Drive Theory and Social Facilitation
Evaluation Apprehension Theory
Distraction Conflict Theory
Self-Presentation Theory
Home Field Advantage
Reducing Negative Audience Effects
What Makes a Group a Team
The 6 Is of Group Dynamics
Forming, Storming, Norming and Performing
Task and Social Cohesion
Cohesion and Team Productivity
Coordination Losses
Motivational Losses
Ringelmann Effect
Social Loafing
Building Team Cohesion
Great Man Theory
Fiedler’s Contingency Theory
Prescribed and Emergent Leaders
Autocratic Leadership
Democratic Leadership
Laissez-Faire Leadership
Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Model
Leadership Scale for Sport
Adapting Leadership to the Situation
Attribution Theory Basics
Internal and External Attributions
Stable and Unstable Attributions
Weiner’s Model in Sport
Self-Serving Bias
Actor-Observer Effect
Gender Differences in Attribution
Learned Helplessness
Attributional Retraining
Self-Efficacy and Self-Confidence
Sources of Self-Efficacy
Past Performance and Confidence
Vicarious Experience and Confidence
Verbal Persuasion and Confidence
Arousal and Confidence
Interpreting Sport Psychology Graphs
Unit 4
Skill acquisition
Skill, Ability, Learning and Performance
Characteristics of Skilled Performance
Gross Motor Abilities
Psychomotor Abilities
Why Skill Classification Matters
Open and Closed Skills
Simple and Complex Skills
High and Low Organisation Skills
Discrete, Serial and Continuous Skills
Externally and Internally Paced Skills
Gross and Fine Motor Skills
Variable Practice for Open Skills
Positive Learning Curves
Negative Learning Curves
Linear Learning Curves
Plateau Learning Curves
Why Plateaus Happen
Overcoming a Learning Plateau
Bandura’s Observational Learning Theory
Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction and Motivation
Demonstration and Matching Performance
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment in Learning
Drive Reduction Theory
Fitts and Posner’s Cognitive Stage
Fitts and Posner’s Associative Stage
Fitts and Posner’s Autonomous Stage
Matching Coaching to the Stage of Learning
Positive Transfer of Learning
Negative Transfer of Learning
Proactive and Retroactive Transfer
Bilateral Transfer
Whole Practice
Part Practice
Progressive Part Practice
Fixed Practice
Variable Practice
Massed Practice
Distributed Practice
Mental Rehearsal
Strengths and Limits of Different Practice Types
Visual Guidance
Verbal Guidance
Manual Guidance
Mechanical Guidance
Matching Guidance to Performer Needs
Welford’s Model of Information Processing
Whiting’s Model of Information Processing
Sensory Input and Perception
Decision Making in Skilled Performance
Memory Stores in Information Processing
Output and Feedback
Selective Attention
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Chunking and Memory
Imagery, Association, Organisation and Rehearsal
Reaction Time
Movement Time
Response Time
Psychological Refractory Period
Hick’s Law
Anticipation and Faster Responses
Motor Programmes and Sub-Routines
How Motor Programmes Are Stored
Intrinsic Feedback
Extrinsic Feedback
Knowledge of Results
Knowledge of Performance
Why Feedback Improves Performance
Feedback to Motivate, Reinforce and Inform
Characteristics of Effective Feedback
Interpreting Skill Acquisition Graphs
Unit 5
Sport and society
Culture, Society and Social Institutions
The Role of Sport in Society
Sport as Social Control
Sport as Socialisation
Sport and National Identity
Sport and Cultural Values
How Governments Use Sport
The 19th Century Public School Influence
The University System and Modern Sport
Codification and Rationalisation of Sport
Thomas Arnold and Rugby School
Character Building Through Sport
How Modern Sports Spread
From Amateurism to Professionalism
From Professionalism to Commercialisation
Olympism and Amateur Ideals
Shamateurism
Spectatorism and Gate Money
The Rugby League and Rugby Union Split
Cricket and the Development of Modern Sport
The Revival of the Olympic Games
The Lombardian Ethic
Sport as a Political Tool
Boycotts, Protests and Diplomacy
The Black Power Salute
Fair Play, Sportsmanship and Gamesmanship
What Deviance Means in Sport
Relative and Absolute Deviance
Underconformity and Overconformity
Coakley’s Sports Ethic
On-Field Violence
Off-Field Violence and Hooliganism
Why Athletes Engage in Deviance
Commercialisation and Deviance
Doping in Sport
Why Athletes Dope
Illegal Drugs and Illegal Methods
The Ethics of Doping
WADA and Anti-Doping Control
Drug Testing Procedures
Biological Passports
Social Stratification in Sport
Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination
Barriers for Women in Sport
Barriers for Ethnic Minorities in Sport
Barriers for Disabled Performers
Barriers for Socially Deprived Groups
Opportunity, Provision and Esteem
Economic Factors and Participation
Socio-Cultural Factors and Participation
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Sport
Centrality and Racial Stacking
BAME Representation in Coaching and Leadership
Sport as Social Mobility
Role Models and Participation
Reform Policies and Anti-Racism Campaigns
Adapted Sport and Inclusion
Media Functions in Society
Forms of Media in Sport
The Golden Triangle
Sport and Media Interdependence
The Rise of Social Media in Sport
The Rise of Televised Sport
How Sport Changes to Suit the Media
The Creation of Sporting Celebrities
Sensationalism in Sport Coverage
Sexploitation of Female Athletes
Media, National Pride and Identity
Sport as a Commodity
Consumerism in Sport
Americanisation and Sport
Sponsorship in Sport
Advantages and Disadvantages of Sponsorship
Sports Marketing and Brand Awareness
Nike and the Sporting Goods Market
Globalisation and Global Culture
Giddens on Globalisation
Cashmore’s Three Levels of Globalisation
Global Competitions and Global Reach
Satellite Communication and Sport
Globalisation as Financial Gain
Global Migration of Players and Coaches
Global Superstars and Global Teams
Exclusive Rights and Prime Time Coverage
Power, Promotion and Global Sport
Mass Participation and Excellence
The Sports Development Pyramid
Sport England’s Sports Development Continuum
Grassroots to Elite Pathways
Talent Identification in Sport
Methods of Talent Identification
The World Class Performance Pathway
National and Local Sports Provision
Recreational Pathways and Lifelong Involvement
Health Agencies and Participation
Benefits of Participation for Individuals
Benefits of Participation for Government
Family, Friends and Participation Choices
Education, Tradition and Age in Participation
Provision, Media and Finance in Participation
Body Image and Disability in Participation
Sociocultural Movement Through the Levels
UK Sport and Sporting Excellence
The United Kingdom Sports Institute
Sport England and Sport for All
Government and School Sport
National Governing Bodies at Grassroots and Elite Level
Interpreting Participation Data and Graphs
Unit 6
Improving personal performance in physical education
Understanding the Three Components of Assessment
Exploring Concepts in Physical Education
Evaluating Physical Education
Improving Personal Performance
Choosing a Practical Activity
Player/Performer or Coach Pathway
Competitive and Formal Conditions
What High-Level Practical Performance Looks Like
Planning a Progressive Coaching Session
Demonstrating Advanced Skills and Techniques
Demonstrating Fitness for Performance
Demonstrating Tactics and Decision Making
Analysing Performance Before, During and After
Adapting Performance Under Pressure
Initial Analysis of Personal Performance
Identifying Strengths and Weaknesses
Choosing an Area for Improvement
Selecting Relevant Theory for Coursework
Using Research to Improve Performance
Gathering and Analysing Quantitative Data
Evaluating Research Findings
Writing Evidence-Based Recommendations
Designing a Training Programme
Monitoring Progress Over Time
Analysing the Effectiveness of the Programme
Evaluating the Programme as a Whole
Planning Next Steps for Future Performance
Writing with Specialist Terminology
Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism
Meeting the Advisory Word Count
Unit 7
Quantitative skills across the course
Interpreting Physiological Data and Graphs
Interpreting Energy System Data
Quantitative Training Planning
Using Formulae and Units in Biomechanics
Plotting, Labelling and Interpreting Graphs
Reading Sport Psychology Graphs
Reading Skill Acquisition Graphs
Interpreting Participation Data in Sport