Your journey to excellence in
By Revision Genie
Biological Molecules
Unit 1
What Biological Molecules Do in the Human Body
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Protein Structure and Function
What Enzymes Do
The Lock and Key Model
The Induced Fit Model
Temperature and Enzyme Activity
pH and Enzyme Activity
Substrate Concentration and Enzyme Activity
Enzyme Concentration and Enzyme Activity
Enzyme Inhibitors
ATP as an Energy Molecule
DNA as a Nucleic Acid
RNA as a Nucleic Acid
Unit 2
Human Cell Structure
The Plasma Membrane
The Nucleus
The Nucleolus
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Golgi Apparatus
The Mitochondria
The Nuclear Envelope
Linking Organelles to Cell Function
Unit 3
Movement Into and Out of Cells
Simple Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Comparing Passive and Active Transport
Unit 4
DNA and Information Processing
Semi-Conservative DNA Replication
Transcription
Translation
The One Gene One Protein Idea
The Triplet Code
From Gene to Protein
Unit 5
Human Physiological Systems: Overview
The Role of the Endocrine System
The Role of the Nervous System
The Role of the Musculoskeletal System
The Role of the Digestive System
The Role of the Cardiovascular System
The Role of the Lymphatic System
The Role of the Respiratory System
The Role of the Integumentary System
The Role of the Immune System
Unit 6
Endocrine System
The Pancreas in Hormonal Control
Insulin and Blood Glucose Regulation
Glucagon and Blood Glucose Regulation
The Kidney as an Endocrine Organ
ADH and Water Balance
The Pituitary Gland
The Purpose of the Endocrine System
Unit 7
Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Purpose of the Nervous System
Voluntary Responses
Involuntary Responses
Comparing Nervous and Endocrine Control
Unit 8
Musculoskeletal System
The Spinal Column
Joint Structure and Function
Muscle Structure and Function
The Purpose of the Musculoskeletal System
The Sliding Filament Theory
Movement and Antagonistic Muscles
Unit 9
Digestive System
The Mouth and Mechanical Breakdown
The Oesophagus
The Stomach
The Pancreas in Digestion
The Liver in Digestion
The Duodenum
The Ileum
The Colon
Mechanical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
Bile Production
Glucose Metabolism
Absorption in the Digestive System
The Purpose of the Digestive System
Unit 10
Cardiovascular System
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
The Chambers of the Heart
Coronary Arteries
The Aorta
The Pulmonary Artery
The Vena Cava
The Pulmonary Vein
Cardiac Muscle
Heart Valves
Plasma
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets
Blood Groups
The Purpose of the Cardiovascular System
Control of Heartbeat
Unit 11
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph Nodes
Formation of Tissue Fluid
Formation of Lymph
Unit 12
Respiratory System
The Trachea
The Bronchi
The Bronchioles
The Alveoli
The Lungs
The Pleural Membranes
The Ribs and Ventilation
The Diaphragm and Ventilation
The Purpose of the Respiratory System
Control of Breathing
Pulmonary Surfactant
Unit 13
Integumentary System
The Structure of Skin
The Purpose of the Integumentary System
Thermoregulation Through the Skin
Unit 14
Immune System
White Blood Cells in Defence
Antibodies
The Basic Complement System
The Purpose of the Immune System
How the Body Responds to Infection
Unit 15
Lifestyle and the Body
Physiological Effects of Lifestyle Choices
Psychological Effects of Lifestyle Choices
Coronary Heart Disease and Lifestyle
Diabetes and Lifestyle
Nutrient Deficiencies
Obesity
Alcohol Dependency
Drug Dependency
Lung Disease and Lifestyle
Stress
Depression
Diet and Health
Alcohol and Recreational Drugs
Smoking and Health
Exercise and Physical Activity
Housing and Health
Type of Employment and Health
Assessing Overall Lifestyle Risk
Unit 16
Pathogens and Disease
What Pathogens Are
Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Worms
Prions
How Pathogens Affect Body Systems
Unit 17
Non-Infectious Disease
Allergies
Autoimmune Disease
Cancer
Inherited Disease: Introduction
Dominant Inheritance
Recessive Inheritance
Sex-Linked Inheritance
How Non-Infectious Diseases Affect Body Systems
Unit 18
Reporting on Human Health
Qualitative Data in Medical Science
Interviews as Health Data
Observation as Health Data
Diaries as Health Data
Quantitative Data in Medical Science
Physiological Data as Quantitative Evidence
Scatter Diagrams
Line Graphs
Trend Lines
Bar Charts
Decimal and Standard Form
Ratios Fractions and Percentages
Arithmetic Mean
Order of Magnitude Calculations
Substituting Into Equations
Using Appropriate Units
Converting Between Graphical and Numerical Data
Finding the Slope of a Linear Graph
Significant Figures
Comparing Data Sets
Linking Ideas Across Data
Uncertainty in Conclusions
Formal Scientific Writing
Informal Writing for Non-Technical Audiences
Spelling Grammar and Structure in Reports
Writing for Individuals
Writing for Technical Audiences
Writing for Non-Technical Audiences
Unit 19
Physiological Measurement Techniques
Unit 20
The Function of Physiological Measurement Tests
Why Physiological Measurements Matter
Choosing the Right Physiological Test
How Physiological Tests Generate Data
Normal Range and Expected Values
Results Outside the Normal Range
Physiological Results as Indicators of Disease
Unit 21
Cardiac Physiology Tests
Introduction to Cardiac Physiology Testing
Electrocardiograms
Ambulatory ECG
Stress ECG
Echocardiography
Exercise Tolerance Testing
Blood Pressure Measurement
Interpreting Cardiac Test Data
Cardiac Tests and Coronary Heart Disease
Cardiac Tests and Congenital Heart Disease
Cardiac Tests and Arrhythmias
Unit 22
Respiratory Physiology Tests
Respiratory Rate Measurement
Peak Expiratory Flow
Spirometry
Pulse Oximetry
Interpreting Respiratory Test Data
Unit 23
Neurophysiology Tests
Nerve Conduction Studies
Electromyography
Electroencephalography
Evoked Potentials
Interpreting Neurophysiology Data
Unit 24
Audiology Tests
Otoscopic Examination
Pure Tone Audiometry
Tympanometry
Tuning Fork Tests
Interpreting Audiology Data
Hearing Impairment and Hearing Loss
Unit 25
Gastrointestinal Physiology Tests
Endoscopy
Measuring Muscle Function in the GI Tract
Measuring Sphincter Function
Interpreting GI Physiology Data
Upper and Lower GI Conditions
Unit 26
Ophthalmic Physiology Tests
Ophthalmic Imaging
Intra-Ocular Pressure Measurement
Interpreting Ophthalmic Data
Eye Disease and Vision Disorders
Unit 27
Urodynamic and Vascular Tests
Free Flow Rate
Cystometry
Carotid Scans
Peripheral Arterial Scans
Peripheral Venous Scans
Interpreting Urodynamic Data
Interpreting Vascular Data
Conditions Affecting the Bladder and Lower Urinary Tract
Conditions Affecting Arteries and Veins
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Unit 28
Limitations of Physiological Measurement
Precision and Accuracy
Artefacts in Physiological Data
Sensitivity of Tests
Measurement Error
Reliability of Test Results
Limits of Interpretation
Unit 29
Working With Patients
Why Patient Confidentiality Matters
Codes of Practice and Confidentiality
Protecting Patient Information
Informing Patients About Information Use
Disclosure of Information
Empathy in Patient Care
Tone When Speaking to Patients
Using Appropriate Language With Patients
Professional Conduct in Clinical Settings
Unit 30
Planning Physiological Testing
Identifying the Information to Collect
Selecting Procedures
Selecting Equipment
Choosing the Location
Choosing the Timing
Informing the Patient
Informing Other Personnel
Requesting Equipment and Technician Support
Writing a Clear Test Plan
Unit 31
Using Physiological Testing Equipment
Using a Peak Flow Meter
Using an Otoscope
Using a Pure Tone Audiometer
Using a Tympanometer
Visual Acuity Testing
Field of Vision Testing
Colour Vision Testing
Using an ECG Machine
Using Echocardiography Equipment
Using a Blood Pressure Monitor
Using a Pulse Oximeter
Safe and Correct Equipment Handling
Unit 32
Recording Physiological Results
Using a Laboratory Notebook
Using a Proforma
Recording Results on an LMS or Database
What Information Must Be Recorded
Recording to the Right Precision
Using Units Correctly
Making Legible Entries
Unit 33
Reporting on Physiological Measurement Testing
Primary Data and Secondary Data
Processing Physiological Data
Choosing Graphical Methods
Choosing Calculations
Comparing Results With Expected Norms
Considering Age in Interpretation
Considering Gender in Interpretation
Considering Ethnicity in Interpretation
Comparing With Previous Test Results
Using Patient History
Linking Findings to Normal Physiology
Linking Findings to Possible Pathology
Evaluating Validity
Identifying Artefacts
Variables That Affect Data
Writing for Colleagues
Writing for Patients
Technical and Scientific Language
Semi-Technical and Non-Technical Language
Clarity Relevance and Structure
Using Illustrations in Reports
Unit 34
Medical Science Research Methods
Unit 35
Research Methods: Foundations
What Makes Research Scientific
Research Questions in Medical Science
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Extraneous Variables
Controlling Variables in Research
Unit 36
Hypotheses
What a Research Hypothesis Is
Null Hypotheses
Alternative Hypotheses
One-Tailed Hypotheses
Two-Tailed Hypotheses
Matching the Hypothesis to the Research Question
Justifying a Hypothesis
Unit 37
Sampling
Target Population and Sample
Random Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Opportunity Sampling
Self-Selected Sampling
Choosing a Suitable Sampling Method
Sampling Strengths and Limitations
Unit 38
Research Methods
Quantitative Methods
Laboratory Experimentation
Epidemiological Research
Closed Questionnaires
Qualitative Methods
Participant Observation
Non-Participant Observation
Structured Interviews
Unstructured Interviews
Choosing Between Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Matching Method to Research Question
Matching Method to Hypothesis
Matching Method to Type of Information Needed
Unit 39
Ethics in Medical Research
Why Ethics Matter in Medical Research
Ethical Review
Social and Scientific Value
Care and Protection of Participants
Confidentiality in Research
Informed Consent
Working With Vulnerable Individuals
Working With Children in Research
The Role of Health Review Committees
Evaluating Ethical Issues in a Study
Unit 40
Collecting Data
Planning Quantitative Data Collection
Planning Qualitative Data Collection
Sequencing a Data Collection Procedure
Timing a Data Collection Procedure
Designing a Questionnaire
Designing Interviewer Documentation
Writing Clear Data Collection Documents
Making Documentation Suitable for Purpose
Checking Completeness of Documentation
Obtaining Suitable Data
Obtaining Sufficient Data
Unit 41
Understanding Data Analysis
Type I Errors
Type II Errors
Demand Characteristics
Reliability
Internal Reliability
External Reliability
Validity
Internal Validity
External Validity
Bias in Research
Researcher Bias
Observer Bias
Confidence Limits
Significance Levels
Positive Correlation
Negative Correlation
No Correlation
Dispersion
Unit 42
Selecting Statistical Methods
Descriptive Statistics in Medical Research
Mode
Median
Mean
Variance
Range
Standard Deviation
Inferential Statistics in Medical Research
Normal Distribution Curves
Skewed Distribution Curves
Probability
Parametric Tests
Non-Parametric Tests
The t-Test
The Chi-Square Test
The Mann-Whitney U Test
Spearman’s Rho
Choosing Statistics for Data Type
Choosing Statistics for Methodology
Choosing Statistics for Sample Size
Choosing Statistics for Sampling Method
Unit 43
Processing Data
Calculating Mean Mode and Median
Calculating Range Variance and Standard Deviation
Interpreting Distribution Curves
Using Probability
Using Significance Levels
Using Confidence Limits
Applying a Parametric Test
Applying a Non-Parametric Test
Analysing Correlation
Checking That a Statistical Method Is Appropriate
Carrying Out Accurate Statistical Analysis
Unit 44
Drawing Conclusions and Evaluating Procedures
Making Conclusions From Data
Linking Conclusions to Analysis
Evaluating Sufficiency of Data
Evaluating Suitability of Data
Evaluating Data Quality
Recognising Limitations of Data
Evaluating Time Cost and Effectiveness
Improving Research Procedures
Unit 45
Mathematical Notation
Ratios in Medical Research
Percentages in Medical Research
Fractions in Medical Research
Using the Equals Symbol
Using Less Than and Greater Than
Using Much Less Than and Much Greater Than
Using the Proportional To Symbol
Using the Approximate Symbol
Significant Figures in Research Reporting
Unit 46
Communicating Research
Presenting Data in Tables
Choosing the Right Graph
Pie Charts
Histograms
Choosing Suitable Sizes and Scales
Labelling Graphs Correctly
Communicating Research to an Individual
Communicating Research to a Group
Writing for a Scientifically Literate Audience
Writing for an Audience With Basic Scientific Understanding
Clear Scientific Communication
Language Style in Research Reports
Evidence-Based Reporting
Selecting Relevant Information
Spelling Punctuation and Grammar in Research Writing