Edexcel · A-Level
Your journey to excellence inHistory
By Revision Genie
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A-Level History with Edexcel explores key events, themes, and transformations across centuries. From revolutions to empires, it offers a deep dive into the forces that shaped the modern world. You’ll study political, social, cultural, and economic changes, as well as the individuals and ideas that drove them.
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Start with the first History lesson.
The Concept of 'Just War'
1The Concept of 'Just War'Read next2Papal Reform Movement and PenanceRead next3Plenary Indulgence and SalvationRead next4The Aim of Freeing JerusalemRead next5Papal Support for the CrusadesRead next6The Influence of Bernard of ClairvauxRead next7Alexius I Comnenus's Appeal to Urban IIRead next8The Papacy's Political AmbitionsRead next9Urban II's Problems in Germany and FranceRead next10Violence and Disorder in EuropeRead next11The Second Crusade and Crusader StatesRead next12The Third Crusade and Crusader StatesRead next13Knighthood in the Late Eleventh CenturyRead next14The Development of ChivalryRead next15Protecting Christianity and PilgrimsRead next16Settlement in Crusader StatesRead next17The Acquisition of WealthRead next18The Princes of the First CrusadeRead next19Baldwin's Conquest of EdessaRead next20Bohemund's Seizure of AntiochRead next21Godfrey of Bouillon and JerusalemRead next22Louis VII and Conrad III in the Second CrusadeRead next23Rivalries in the Second Crusade LeadershipRead next24Manuel I and the Second Crusade LeadersRead next25Failure at Damascus in 1148Read next26The Death of Frederick BarbarossaRead next27Richard I and Philip II's RivalriesRead next28Richard I's Attack on Sicily and CyprusRead next29Philip II's Return to FranceRead next30Richard I's Leadership at Acre and JaffaRead next31Richard I's Decision Not to Attack JerusalemRead next
Introduction to the Fourth Crusade
1Introduction to the Fourth CrusadeRead next2The Context of the Crusading MovementRead next3Papal Leadership and Innocent IIIRead next4The Role of Venice in the CrusadeRead next5The Treaty of Venice and DebtRead next6The Diversion to ZaraRead next7The Role of Alexius IV and Byzantine PoliticsRead next8The Siege and Sack of ConstantinopleRead next9Religious Motivations and FailuresRead next10Economic Motivations and FailuresRead next11Political Motivations and FailuresRead next12Leadership Challenges in the Fourth CrusadeRead next13The Role of the Crusading ArmyRead next14The Impact on Byzantine EmpireRead next15The Legacy of the Fourth CrusadeRead next16Historiographical Views on the Fourth CrusadeRead next17Economic Consequences of the CrusadeRead next18Religious Consequences of the CrusadeRead next19Political Consequences of the CrusadeRead next20The Role of Crusading IdeologyRead next21The Fourth Crusade and Western EuropeRead next22The Fourth Crusade and the Catholic ChurchRead next23The Fourth Crusade and the Orthodox ChurchRead next24The Fourth Crusade and East-West RelationsRead next25The Fourth Crusade as a Turning PointRead next26The Role of Logistics in the Fourth CrusadeRead next27Key Figures in the Fourth CrusadeRead next28The Role of the Crusading StatesRead next29The Impact on Trade and CommerceRead next30The Role of Propaganda in the CrusadeRead next31The Role of Violence in the CrusadeRead next32The Fourth Crusade and Historical MemoryRead next
The Anglo-Saxon Monarchy and Government
1The Anglo-Saxon Monarchy and GovernmentRead next2The Earldoms and Shires SystemRead next3The House of Godwin: Rise to PowerRead next4Harold Godwinson’s Embassy to NormandyRead next5Edward the Confessor’s Death and Succession CrisisRead next6The Witan and Harold’s CoronationRead next7Harald Hardrada’s Invasion and ClaimRead next8The Battle of Gate FulfordRead next9The Battle of Stamford BridgeRead next10William of Normandy’s Claim to the ThroneRead next11Papal Support for William’s InvasionRead next12The Military Strength of NormandyRead next13William’s Military ExperienceRead next14The Norman Invasion FleetRead next15The Battle of Hastings: Key EventsRead next16Norman and Anglo-Saxon Troops and TacticsRead next17Leadership of Harold and WilliamRead next18Reasons for the Norman Victory at HastingsRead next19Submission of the Anglo-Saxon EarlsRead next20Rebellions in the South, 1067–69Read next21The Harrying of the NorthRead next22The East Anglian RebellionRead next23The Revolt of the Earls, 1075Read next24Foreign Intervention in Anglo-Saxon RebellionsRead next25The Rising of Eadric the WildRead next26Norman Control in Wales, 1067–93Read next27Malcolm III and the Northern RebellionRead next28William II and Scotland, 1091–93Read next29The Feudal System in Norman EnglandRead next30Tenants-in-Chief and KnightsRead next31Norman Land Tenure SystemRead next32The Role and Impact of CastlesRead next33Castles and Norman ControlRead next34The King’s Household and ChanceryRead next35The Role of Sheriffs in Local GovernmentRead next36The Geld Tax and the Silver PennyRead next37Norman Codes of Law and Local CourtsRead next38The End of the Anglo-Saxon AristocracyRead next39Changes in Land Tenure under the NormansRead next40Creation of New Norman EarldomsRead next41The Domesday Survey of 1086Read next42Norman Influence Revealed by DomesdayRead next43Changes in Towns and Trading PatternsRead next44Village Life and Royal ForestsRead next45The Forest Laws and Their ImpactRead next46The Gradual Disappearance of SlaveryRead next47Deposition of Stigand and Norman BishopsRead next48Lanfranc’s Reforms of the English ChurchRead next49Anselm’s Conflict with William IIRead next50Henry I, Anselm, and the Investiture ControversyRead next51The Norman Kings and the PapacyRead next
The Submission of the Earls in 1066
1The Submission of the Earls in 1066Read next2Foreign Intervention in Norman RebellionsRead next3Conflict in Maine, 1069–73Read next4William’s Defeat at the Siege of DolRead next5Resisting Robert Curthose’s Demands, 1078–83Read next6The Division of Anglo-Norman TerritoriesRead next7The Rebellion of 1088Read next8William Rufus in Normandy, 1091Read next9Robert Curthose’s Decision to Join the CrusadeRead next10The Defeat of Robert of BellêmeRead next11Misrule in NormandyRead next12Henry I’s Campaign in NormandyRead next13The Battle of Tinchebrai, 1106Read next14The Restoration of the Anglo-Norman KingdomRead next
Henry VIII's Personal and Political Qualities
1Henry VIII's Personal and Political QualitiesRead next2Popular Attitudes Towards the TudorsRead next3The Disputed Successions of Mary and ElizabethRead next4The Role of Gender in Tudor MonarchyRead next5Henry VIII’s Parliaments Before 1529Read next6From 'King and Parliament' to 'King-in-Parliament'Read next7Parliament’s Growing Confidence Under Elizabeth IRead next8The Powers of Leading MinistersRead next9The Influence of Cardinal WolseyRead next10The Influence of Thomas CromwellRead next11The Influence of William Cecil (Lord Burghley)Read next12Changes to the Structure of Tudor GovernmentRead next
The Break with Rome
1The Break with RomeRead next2Henry VIII and the Act of SupremacyRead next3The Dissolution of the MonasteriesRead next4Religious Reforms under Edward VIRead next5The Book of Common Prayer (1549 and 1552)Read next6Mary I and the Revival of CatholicismRead next7The Marian PersecutionsRead next8Elizabeth I and the Religious SettlementRead next9The Act of Uniformity (1559)Read next10The Thirty-Nine Articles (1563)Read next11Popular Attitudes to CatholicismRead next12The Pilgrimage of GraceRead next13The Survival of Catholicism in the NorthRead next14Recusancy Laws and Their ImpactRead next15Jesuit Missions in Elizabethan EnglandRead next16The Role of Catholic Nobility in ResistanceRead next17Protestant Influences under Henry VIIIRead next18Anne Boleyn and the Protestant CauseRead next19Protestantism under Edward VIRead next20The Growth of PuritanismRead next21Puritan Criticism of the Elizabethan SettlementRead next22The Vestments ControversyRead next23The Role of the Puritan PreachersRead next24The Separatist MovementRead next25The Impact of Religious Changes on SocietyRead next26The Role of the Printing Press in Religious ChangeRead next27The Influence of European Reformation MovementsRead next28The Role of Women in Religious ChangeRead next29The Role of Parliament in Religious LegislationRead next30The Impact of Religious Change on Art and CultureRead next31Religious Persecution and ExileRead next32The Role of Key Religious Figures in Tudor EnglandRead next33The Tudor Monarchs and Their Religious PoliciesRead next34The Role of Education in Spreading Religious IdeasRead next35The Role of the Nobility in Religious ChangeRead next36The Relationship Between Religion and PoliticsRead next37The Role of Foreign Powers in Religious ConflictsRead next
The Marcher Council
1The Marcher CouncilRead next2The Council of the NorthRead next3The Role of the Nobility in Tudor ControlRead next4The Growing Power of Justices of the PeaceRead next5The Lords Lieutenant Under Elizabeth IRead next6Reasons for the Growth of PovertyRead next7Punishments for Beggars and VagrantsRead next8Charities and Poor Relief in Tudor EnglandRead next9The Role of Local Authorities in Poor ReliefRead next10Resistance to Subsidies and TaxesRead next11Popular Risings: 1536–1569Read next12The Western Rebellion (Prayer Book Rebellion)Read next13Kett’s RebellionRead next14The Northern Rebellion, 1569Read next15Reasons for the Decline of Popular ResistanceRead next16The Role of the Gentry in Maintaining OrderRead next17Tudor Legislation on VagrancyRead next18The Relationship Between the Crown and Local GovernmentRead next19Economic Factors Behind PovertyRead next20The Impact of Population Growth on PovertyRead next21The Effectiveness of Poor LawsRead next22The Role of Religion in Poor ReliefRead next23The Role of Enclosure in Popular ResistanceRead next24The Role of Religion in Popular RisingsRead next25The Role of Taxation in Popular RisingsRead next26The Role of Monarchical Authority in Suppressing ResistanceRead next27The Role of Propaganda in Tudor ControlRead next28The Role of Espionage in Suppressing ResistanceRead next29The Role of the Privy Council in State ControlRead next30The Role of Military Force in Suppressing RebellionsRead next31The Role of the Church in Supporting Tudor AuthorityRead next
The Wool and Cloth Industries
1The Wool and Cloth IndustriesRead next2The Development of 'New Draperies'Read next3Migration of Foreign Textile WorkersRead next4The Role of London in TradeRead next5Consequences of Exploration for TradeRead next6Population Growth in Tudor EnglandRead next7Impact of Monastery Closures on SocietyRead next8The Spread of EnclosureRead next9Effects of Enclosure on Rural PopulationsRead next10Urbanisation and Its ImpactRead next11Emergence of the Professional ClassesRead next12Growth of Grammar SchoolsRead next13Expansion of UniversitiesRead next14The Printing Press and Cultural ChangeRead next15Religious Change and Cultural ImpactRead next16Royal and Noble PatronageRead next17Development of Tudor DramaRead next18Tudor Music and PoetryRead next19Architectural Achievements in Tudor EnglandRead next20The 'Cult of Gloriana'Read next
The Holy Roman Empire: Structure of Central Government
1The Holy Roman Empire: Structure of Central GovernmentRead next2The Seven Electors and Their RoleRead next3The Powers of the EmperorRead next4The Role of the Princes in the Holy Roman EmpireRead next5The Growth of Towns and Cities in GermanyRead next6Agriculture and Trade in the German EconomyRead next7Trade and Communication Between German StatesRead next8The Power of Bishops in the German Catholic ChurchRead next9The Role of Parish ClergyRead next10Anticlericalism in the German Catholic ChurchRead next11The Influence of Humanism on the German ChurchRead next12Corruption in the Papal CourtRead next13Papal Financial Demands on GermanyRead next14The Controversy Over IndulgencesRead next15The Role of Tetzel in Promoting IndulgencesRead next16Influences on Martin Luther’s ViewsRead next17Luther’s Criticism of Corruption in the Catholic ChurchRead next18The Ninety-Five Theses: Context and ContentRead next19Luther’s Rejection of IndulgencesRead next20The Impact of the Ninety-Five ThesesRead next21The Role of the Printing Press in Spreading Luther’s IdeasRead next22Luther’s Protest to Albrecht of MainzRead next23Leo X’s Response to Luther’s Early ChallengesRead next24The Debate with Cajetan in 1518Read next25The Debate with Eck in 1519Read next26Luther’s Acceptance of Justification by Faith AloneRead next27The 1520 Pamphlets: Address to the German NobilityRead next28The 1520 Pamphlets: On the Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchRead next29The 1520 Pamphlets: On the Freedom of a ChristianRead next30The Papal Bull Exsurge DomineRead next31The Papal Bull Decet Romanum PontificemRead next32The Imperial Election of 1519Read next33Luther’s ExcommunicationRead next
The Habsburg Netherlands: Political and Social Structure
1The Habsburg Netherlands: Political and Social StructureRead next2Philip II’s Policies Towards the NetherlandsRead next3The Regency of Margaret of ParmaRead next4Granvelle’s Role and InfluenceRead next5The Dutch Grandees and Their OppositionRead next6The Reform of Bishoprics and ResistanceRead next7The Confederacy of Noblemen and the Compromise of 1566Read next8The Iconoclastic Fury of 1566Read next9The Impact of Calvinism in the NetherlandsRead next10The Rule of the Duke of AlvaRead next11The Council of Troubles and Religious PersecutionRead next12The Tenth Penny Tax and OppositionRead next13William of Orange’s Early FailuresRead next14The Role of the Sea BeggarsRead next15The Capture of Brill and FlushingRead next16The Revolt in Holland and ZeelandRead next17The Failure of Requesens, 1573–76Read next18The Spanish Fury and the Pacification of GhentRead next19The Union of Arras and Its SignificanceRead next20Parma’s Military Tactics and the Fall of AntwerpRead next21Foreign Intervention in the NetherlandsRead next22The Union of Utrecht and the Act of AbjurationRead next23The Assassination of William of OrangeRead next24Maurice of Nassau’s Military ReformsRead next25The Victories at Turnhout and NieuwpoortRead next26Elizabeth I’s Support for the United ProvincesRead next27The Treaty of Nonsuch and Its ImpactRead next28The Dutch East India Company and Overseas TradeRead next29Oldenbarnevelt’s Reforms and CalvinismRead next30The Declining Power of Spain in the NetherlandsRead next31The Truce of Antwerp, 1609Read next
The Reign of Charles I (1625–1649)
1The Reign of Charles I (1625–1649)Read next2The Role of Buckingham in Early ReignRead next3Religious Tensions Under Charles IRead next4The Financial Policies of Charles IRead next5The Petition of Right (1628)Read next6The Personal Rule (1629–1640)Read next7Ship Money and Financial ControversiesRead next8The Role of Archbishop LaudRead next9Religious Reforms and OppositionRead next10The Bishops’ Wars (1639–1640)Read next11The Short Parliament (1640)Read next12The Long Parliament (1640–1660)Read next13The Grand Remonstrance (1641)Read next14The Irish Rebellion (1641)Read next15The Outbreak of the English Civil War (1642)Read next16Key Battles of the Civil WarRead next17The Role of Oliver CromwellRead next18The New Model ArmyRead next19The Execution of Charles I (1649)Read next20The Establishment of the CommonwealthRead next21The Rump Parliament (1649–1653)Read next22The Role of the Barebones ParliamentRead next23Cromwell as Lord ProtectorRead next24The Instrument of Government (1653)Read next25The Major-Generals (1655–1657)Read next26The Humble Petition and Advice (1657)Read next27The Restoration of Charles II (1660)Read next28The Declaration of Breda (1660)Read next29The Restoration SettlementRead next30The Role of ClarendonRead next31The Great Plague and Fire of LondonRead next32The Popish Plot (1678)Read next33The Exclusion Crisis (1679–1681)Read next34The Reign of James II (1685–1688)Read next35The Declaration of Indulgence (1687)Read next36The Glorious Revolution (1688)Read next37The Bill of Rights (1689)Read next38The Toleration Act (1689)Read next39The Role of William III and Mary IIRead next40The Financial RevolutionRead next41The Triennial Act (1694)Read next42The Act of Settlement (1701)Read next43The Growth of Parliamentary PowerRead next44The Impact of Religious ChangesRead next45The Role of Radical GroupsRead next46The Levellers and Their DemandsRead next47The Diggers and Their IdealsRead next48The Quakers and Religious NonconformityRead next49The Impact of the Civil War on SocietyRead next50The Role of Women During the RevolutionRead next51Economic Changes During the PeriodRead next52The Impact of War on Trade and EconomyRead next
The Ancien Régime in 1774
1The Ancien Régime in 1774Read next2Absolutism and Court FactionRead next3The Parlements and Their RoleRead next4The Estates System: Rights and PrivilegesRead next5The Enlightenment and New IdeasRead next6Rural Poverty and Urban Food PricesRead next7Taxation and Crown Debt in the 1780sRead next8Corruption at CourtRead next9The American Revolution's Impact on FranceRead next10Louis XVI's Character and FailingsRead next11Financial Reforms of Turgot, Necker, and CalonneRead next12Marie Antoinette and Public AttitudesRead next13Opposition in the Paris ParlementRead next14The Assembly of Notables and Aristocratic RevoltRead next15The Estates-General and Its BreakdownRead next16The National Assembly and Tennis Court OathRead next17The Storming of the BastilleRead next18The Great Fear and Abolition of FeudalismRead next19The Declaration of the Rights of ManRead next20The October Days and March on VersaillesRead next21Reforms of the National AssemblyRead next22Key Political Groups, 1789–93Read next23The Role of Mirabeau, Brissot, Robespierre, and DantonRead next24Popular Protest and the Sans-CulottesRead next25Royalist Support and Revolutionary CultureRead next26The Flight to Varennes and Counter-Revolutionary ActivityRead next27Divisions in the Legislative AssemblyRead next28The Emergence of RepublicanismRead next29War with Austria and PrussiaRead next30The Invasion of the TuileriesRead next31The State of National EmergencyRead next32The Journée of 10 AugustRead next33Revolutionary Government and September MassacresRead next34Creation of the National ConventionRead next35The Trial and Execution of Louis XVIRead next36External Threats and Preconditions for TerrorRead next37The Vendée Revolt and Federalist RevoltsRead next38Economic and Political Pressures Leading to TerrorRead next39The Role of the Sans-Culottes and Paris CommuneRead next40The Committee of General SecurityRead next41The Revolutionary TribunalRead next42The Committee of Public SafetyRead next43Watch Committees and Laws of SuspectsRead next44The Great Terror and Its LegislationRead next45Religious Radicalism and the HébertistsRead next46The Role of Robespierre and St-JustRead next47The Coup of Thermidor and Its CausesRead next48The Arrest and Execution of RobespierreRead next49The Establishment of Thermidorean GovernmentRead next50Political Violence and the White TerrorRead next51Economic and Financial Pressures on the DirectoryRead next52Popular Protest Against the DirectoryRead next53The 1795 Constitution and Its ReformsRead next54Directorial Terror and Martial LawRead next55The Verona Declaration and the ÉmigrésRead next56Revolt in the Provinces and ConscriptionRead next57The Coup de Brumaire and Its SignificanceRead next58The Role of Sieyés in the CoupRead next59The Return of BonaparteRead next60The Establishment of the ConsulshipRead next
Political Geography of Italy in 1830
1Political Geography of Italy in 1830Read next2The 1830–32 Revolutions and Their FailureRead next3The Cultural Challenge of the RisorgimentoRead next4Political Ideas and Secret SocietiesRead next5Economic Divisions and Social ProblemsRead next6Mazzini and Young ItalyRead next7Balbo and Charles Albert in PiedmontRead next8Gioberti and the PapacyRead next9The Reforms of Pope Pius IXRead next10Short-Term Causes of the 1848–49 RevolutionsRead next11Outbreak of Revolution in the Italian StatesRead next12Counter-Revolutions of 1848–49Read next13The Roman Republic, 1848–49Read next14Piedmont and the First Italian War of IndependenceRead next15Austrian and French Intervention in 1848–49Read next16Reaction of the Papacy to the RevolutionsRead next17Piedmont’s Weaknesses in 1848–49Read next18Lack of Revolutionary Unity and Popular SupportRead next19Lack of International Support for the RevolutionsRead next20Victor Emmanuel II and the StatutoRead next21Impact of the 1848–49 Revolutions on Austrian DominanceRead next22Impact of the 1848–49 Revolutions on the PapacyRead next23The French Occupation of RomeRead next24Failure of Mazzini’s LeadershipRead next25Developments in Liberalism and Nationalism Post-1849Read next26Victor Emmanuel II’s Rule in PiedmontRead next27Cavour’s Appointment in 1852 and the ConnubioRead next28Anticlericalism in PiedmontRead next29Policies for Political Stability in PiedmontRead next30Liberal and Nationalist Influences in PiedmontRead next31Commercial and Industrial Growth in PiedmontRead next32Trade Agreements and Railway DevelopmentRead next33Government Investment in InfrastructureRead next34Cavour’s Role in Economic DevelopmentRead next35Piedmont’s Relationship with Austria After 1849Read next36The Crimean War and Congress of ParisRead next37Relations with Britain and FranceRead next38Cavour’s Diplomatic SignificanceRead next39The Second Italian War of Independence, 1859Read next40Garibaldi and the Expedition of the ThousandRead next41The Role of Napoleon III in Italian UnificationRead next42The Annexation of Lombardy and Central ItalyRead next43The Kingdom of Italy, 1861Read next44The Role of Prussia in Italian UnificationRead next45The Third Italian War of Independence, 1866Read next46The Capture of Rome, 1870Read next47The Role of Victor Emmanuel II in UnificationRead next48The Role of Cavour in Italian UnificationRead next49The Role of Garibaldi in Italian UnificationRead next50The Role of Mazzini in Italian UnificationRead next51The Role of Foreign Powers in Italian UnificationRead next52Economic and Social Challenges Post-UnificationRead next53The Legacy of Italian UnificationRead next
The German Confederation in 1840
1The German Confederation in 1840Read next2Austria's Dominance in the ConfederationRead next3The Zollverein and Economic IntegrationRead next4The Role of Prussia in the ZollvereinRead next5The 1840 Rhine Crisis and NationalismRead next6Industrialisation and Urbanisation in GermanyRead next7Social Classes and Economic DivisionsRead next8The 1846–47 Economic CrisisRead next9Middle-Class Nationalism and LiberalismRead next10The 1848 Revolutions in German StatesRead next11The Frankfurt Parliament and Its AimsRead next12The Fifty Articles and Their ImpactRead next13The Collapse of the Frankfurt AssemblyRead next14Prussia's Role in the 1848 RevolutionsRead next15Frederick William IV and the ConstitutionRead next16The Failure of the 1848–49 RevolutionsRead next17The Erfurt Union and Its CollapseRead next18The Declaration of OlmützRead next19Economic Growth in Prussia Post-1848Read next20Railway Expansion and State InvestmentRead next21Bismarck's Appointment and Early PoliciesRead next22The Polish Revolt and Its SignificanceRead next23The Danish War and Schleswig-HolsteinRead next24The Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks’ War)Read next25The Treaty of Prague and Its EffectsRead next26The North German ConfederationRead next27Bismarck and the National LiberalsRead next28The Luxemburg CrisisRead next29The Hohenzollern CandidatureRead next30The Ems Telegram and Its ConsequencesRead next31The Franco-Prussian WarRead next32The Battle of SedanRead next33The Siege of Paris (1870–71)Read next34The Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)Read next35The Proclamation of the German EmpireRead next36The Role of Bismarck in UnificationRead next37The Role of the Prussian MilitaryRead next38The Role of German NationalismRead next39The Role of Economic Factors in UnificationRead next40The Role of Austria in German UnificationRead next41The Role of France in German UnificationRead next42The Role of the International SituationRead next43The Role of the Zollverein in UnificationRead next44The Role of Industrialisation in UnificationRead next45The Role of the 1848 Revolutions in UnificationRead next46The Impact of the German ConfederationRead next47The Consolidation of Prussian PowerRead next48The Legacy of German UnificationRead next49The Creation of a German National IdentityRead next
The Unreformed Parliament
1The Unreformed ParliamentRead next2The Electorate and Elections Pre-1832Read next3Demands for Parliamentary ReformRead next4The Manufacturing Interest and ReformRead next5Economic and Social Distress, 1820–32Read next6Popular Pressure for Reform, 1820–32Read next7The Great Reform Act 1832Read next8Significance of the 1832 Reform ActRead next9The Chartist Movement and Its DemandsRead next10Reasons for Chartism's FailureRead next11Electoral Changes Post-1832Read next12The National Reform UnionRead next13The Reform League and Its RoleRead next14Changing Political Attitudes in the 1860sRead next15The Reform Act 1867Read next16Industrialisation and Banking GrowthRead next17The Rise of the Industrial Middle ClassRead next18Regional Economic DiversityRead next19Growth of Industrial Towns and CitiesRead next20Government Attitudes to IndustrialisationRead next21Working Conditions in FactoriesRead next22Working Conditions in Mines and FoundriesRead next23Female and Child LabourRead next24Urban Living ConditionsRead next25Luddism and Early Industrial ProtestRead next26The Swing RiotsRead next27The Ten-Hour MovementRead next28Factory Reform, 1833–70Read next29The Factory Act 1833Read next30Living Conditions Reforms, 1848–70Read next31Trade Societies and KnobsticksRead next32Growth of Trade UnionsRead next33Government Response to Trade UnionsRead next34New Model Unionism, 1835–70Read next35The Amalgamated Society of EngineersRead next36Founding of the Trades Union CongressRead next37Government Response to New UnionismRead next38New Lanark and Cooperative ActivitiesRead next39The Rochdale PioneersRead next40Growth of Friendly SocietiesRead next41The Old Poor Law Pre-1834Read next42Effectiveness of Poor Relief Before 1834Read next43Utilitarianism and Attitudes to the PoorRead next44Financial and Ideological Pressures for ChangeRead next45The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834Read next46The Workhouse Regime and Less EligibilityRead next47Continuation of Outdoor ReliefRead next48Opposition to the Poor LawRead next49The Andover Workhouse ScandalRead next50Growth of Charity and Self-HelpRead next51Dickens and Smiles on PovertyRead next52Abolition of the Slave Trade: Humanitarian CampaignsRead next53The Role of Religion in AbolitionRead next54Economic and Financial Factors in AbolitionRead next55Key Individuals in AbolitionRead next56The Fear of Resistance by Enslaved PeopleRead next
The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917
1The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917Read next2Lenin’s Role in the October RevolutionRead next3The Creation of a One-Party StateRead next4The Party Congress of 1921 and the Ban on FactionsRead next5Lenin’s Economic Policies: War CommunismRead next6The New Economic Policy (NEP)Read next7The Red Terror and the ChekaRead next8The Russian Civil War: Key EventsRead next9Trotsky and the Role of the Red ArmyRead next10The Geography of the Russian Civil WarRead next11Defeat of the Whites and Foreign InterventionRead next12Stalin’s Rise to PowerRead next13The Elimination of Stalin’s RivalsRead next14The Purges and Show Trials of the 1930sRead next15Stalin’s Cult of PersonalityRead next16The Five-Year Plans and IndustrialisationRead next17Collectivisation and Its ImpactRead next18The Great Terror: Causes and ConsequencesRead next19The Role of Yagoda, Yezhov, and BeriaRead next20The Second World War and the USSRRead next21The USSR’s Recovery After 1945Read next22Khrushchev’s De-Stalinisation PoliciesRead next23Khrushchev’s Agricultural ReformsRead next24The Virgin Lands CampaignRead next25The Space Race and Soviet Technological AdvancesRead next26The Brezhnev Era: Stability and StagnationRead next27Economic Decline Under BrezhnevRead next28The Role of the KGB and Political RepressionRead next29The Role of Propaganda in the Soviet UnionRead next30Religion and the Soviet StateRead next31Socialist Realism and Cultural ControlRead next32Women in Soviet SocietyRead next33Education and Literacy CampaignsRead next34Gorbachev’s Reforms: Perestroika and GlasnostRead next35The Collapse of the Soviet EconomyRead next36The Rise of Nationalism in the Soviet RepublicsRead next37The Role of Gorbachev in the USSR’s CollapseRead next38Yeltsin’s Role in the Fall of the USSRRead next39The August Coup of 1991Read next40The Dissolution of the Soviet UnionRead next41The Transition from Communism to CapitalismRead next42The Role of the Communist Party in GovernanceRead next43The Impact of Soviet Policies on AgricultureRead next44The Impact of Soviet Policies on IndustryRead next45The USSR’s Relationship with Eastern EuropeRead next46The Cold War and Soviet Foreign PolicyRead next47The Role of the Soviet Union in the Space RaceRead next48The Soviet Union and the Arms RaceRead next49The Soviet Union’s Role in the United NationsRead next50The Role of the USSR in the Cuban Missile CrisisRead next51The Impact of the USSR on Global CommunismRead next
The USA in 1917: Political, Social, and Economic Context
1The USA in 1917: Political, Social, and Economic ContextRead next2The Impact of World War I on the USARead next3The Roaring Twenties: Economic BoomRead next4The Role of Consumerism in the 1920sRead next5Prohibition and Its ConsequencesRead next6The Harlem Renaissance and Cultural ChangeRead next7The Great Depression: Causes and EffectsRead next8The New Deal: Policies and ImpactRead next9The Role of Women in 20th Century USARead next10The Civil Rights Movement: OriginsRead next11The Role of Martin Luther King Jr.Read next12The Role of Malcolm XRead next13The Montgomery Bus BoycottRead next14The Civil Rights Act of 1964Read next15The Voting Rights Act of 1965Read next16The Role of the Federal Government in Civil RightsRead next17The Black Power MovementRead next18The Role of Women in Civil RightsRead next19The Impact of World War II on Civil RightsRead next20Post-War Economic Boom and SuburbanisationRead next21The Red Scare and McCarthyismRead next22The Cold War's Impact on Domestic PolicyRead next23The Role of the Supreme Court in Civil RightsRead next24Brown v. Board of EducationRead next25The Role of the NAACP in Civil RightsRead next26The Role of the Media in Civil RightsRead next27The Assassination of JFK and Its ImpactRead next28Lyndon B. Johnson and the Great SocietyRead next29The Vietnam War and Its Social ImpactRead next30The Rise of Conservatism in the 1970sRead next31The Reagan Revolution: Economic PoliciesRead next32The Reagan Revolution: Social PoliciesRead next33The Reagan Revolution: Foreign PolicyRead next34The Role of Religion in Reagan's AmericaRead next35The End of the Cold War and Its ImpactRead next36The Role of Women in the 1980s and 1990sRead next37The Role of African Americans in Politics by 1996Read next38The Impact of Immigration on American SocietyRead next39The Role of Technology in Social ChangeRead next40The American Dream: Changes in PerceptionRead next41The USA by 1996: Political, Social, and Economic OverviewRead next
India in 1914: Political Context
1India in 1914: Political ContextRead next2India in 1914: Social and Economic ContextRead next3The Impact of World War I on IndiaRead next4The Montagu-Chelmsford ReformsRead next5The Rowlatt Acts and Their ImpactRead next6The Amritsar Massacre and Its ConsequencesRead next7The Emergence of Gandhi in Indian PoliticsRead next8The Non-Cooperation MovementRead next9The Role of the Indian National CongressRead next10The Role of the Muslim LeagueRead next11The Simon Commission and Indian ReactionRead next12The Nehru Report and Its SignificanceRead next13The Civil Disobedience MovementRead next14The Salt March and Its ImpactRead next15The Role of Women in the Independence MovementRead next16The Round Table ConferencesRead next17The Government of India Act 1935Read next18The Role of Subhas Chandra BoseRead next19World War II and Indian PoliticsRead next20The Quit India MovementRead next21The Role of the Indian Army in WWIIRead next22The Cripps Mission and Its FailureRead next23The Bengal Famine of 1943Read next24The Role of the British Government in IndiaRead next25The Role of Mountbatten in Indian IndependenceRead next26The Partition of India: CausesRead next27The Partition of India: ConsequencesRead next28The Role of Jinnah in PartitionRead next29The Role of Nehru in PartitionRead next30The Role of Gandhi in PartitionRead next31The Role of Communal Tensions in PartitionRead next32The Impact of Independence on Indian SocietyRead next33The Creation of PakistanRead next34The Kashmir Conflict in 1947Read next35The Role of the Princely States in IndependenceRead next36The Legacy of British Rule in IndiaRead next37The Economic Impact of British RuleRead next38The Social Impact of British RuleRead next39The Role of Education in the Independence MovementRead next40The Role of the Press in the Independence MovementRead next41The Role of Peasant Movements in IndependenceRead next42The Role of Labour Movements in IndependenceRead next43The Role of Religious Movements in IndependenceRead next44The Role of the Indian Diaspora in IndependenceRead next45The Role of International Opinion on Indian IndependenceRead next46The Indian Independence Act 1947Read next47The Transition to IndependenceRead next
The Aftermath of the Chinese Civil War
1The Aftermath of the Chinese Civil WarRead next2China's Industry, Agriculture, and Infrastructure in 1949Read next3The Structure of the CCP and GovernmentRead next4The Role of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA)Read next5Mao's Dominance in GovernmentRead next6The Growth of Democratic CentralismRead next7The 'Three Antis' MovementRead next8The 'Five Antis' MovementRead next9The Use of Terror Against OppositionRead next10The Reunification Campaigns: Tibet, Xinjiang, GuangdongRead next11The Development of the Laogai SystemRead next12The Hundred Flowers CampaignRead next13The Role of the Korean War in CCP ControlRead next14The Financial and Human Costs of the Korean WarRead next15China’s International Prestige Post-Korean WarRead next16Landlordism and Land RedistributionRead next17Agricultural Cooperation: Voluntary to EnforcedRead next18The Communes and Communal LivingRead next19The Abolition of Private FarmingRead next20Lysenkoism and Its Impact on AgricultureRead next21The Great Famine: Causes and ConsequencesRead next22Restoration of Private Farming by Liu and DengRead next23The First Five-Year Plan: Goals and OutcomesRead next24The Great Leap Forward: Aims and FailuresRead next25The Cultural Revolution: Causes and ImpactRead next26The Role of the Red Guards During the Cultural RevolutionRead next27The Impact of the Cultural Revolution on EducationRead next28The Fall of Lin Biao and Its SignificanceRead next29The Gang of Four: Role and DownfallRead next30The Role of Deng Xiaoping in Post-Mao ReformsRead next31Economic Reforms Under Deng XiaopingRead next32The Four Modernisations: Agriculture, Industry, Defence, ScienceRead next33The Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989Read next34The Collapse of Communism in Eastern EuropeRead next35The Role of Nationalism in the Fall of the USSRRead next36Gorbachev's Glasnost and Perestroika ReformsRead next37The Weakening of the Communist Party Under GorbachevRead next38Yeltsin's Role in the Collapse of the USSRRead next39The Economic Weaknesses of the USSRRead next40The Impact of the Afghan War on the USSRRead next41The Role of the Secret Police in Communist StatesRead next42The Cult of Personality: Stalin, Mao, and OthersRead next43The Role of Propaganda in Communist StatesRead next44The Role of Women in Communist SocietiesRead next45State Control of Education in Communist StatesRead next46The Use of Censorship in Communist StatesRead next47The Role of Religion in Communist StatesRead next48The Impact of the Cold War on Communist StatesRead next49The Relationship Between China and the USSRRead next
Baronial Power and Angevin Lands in 1154
1Baronial Power and Angevin Lands in 1154Read next2Henry II’s Destruction of Illegal CastlesRead next3Making Peace in Wales and ScotlandRead next4Henry II’s Control in Normandy and BrittanyRead next5The Curia Regis and ExchequerRead next6Financial Reforms Under Henry IIRead next7Legal Reforms Under Henry IIRead next8The Itinerant Kingship of Henry IIRead next9Henry II’s Problems with the ChurchRead next10The Constitutions of ClarendonRead next11Becket’s Death and Its SignificanceRead next12The Agreement at AvranchesRead next13Henry II’s Plans for His Sons’ InheritanceRead next14Causes of the Great Rebellion of 1173–74Read next15The Defeat of the Great RebellionRead next16Philip Augustus and Henry II’s CollapseRead next
Threats to National Security: Spain and Ireland
1Threats to National Security: Spain and IrelandRead next2Faction at Court and the Succession IssueRead next3Conflicts with Parliament and the Session of 1601Read next4Harvest Failures and Social Distress in the 1590sRead next5Revolutionary Ideals and Constitutional MonarchyRead next6The Impact of the Toleration Act 1689Read next7The Triennial Act 1694 and Parliamentary PowerRead next8William III’s Wars and the Financial RevolutionRead next
Luther’s Challenge to the Catholic Church
Parma’s Diplomacy and Military Tactics
Reasons for Spanish Failures in the Netherlands
Tsarist Principles of Autocracy
1Tsarist Principles of AutocracyRead next2Opposition to TsarismRead next3The 1905 RevolutionRead next4Nicholas II’s Response to 1905Read next5Change and Continuity in Tsarist GovernmentRead next6Repression and Reform Under StolypinRead next7Impact of the First World War on RussiaRead next8The February RevolutionRead next9The Nature of Dual PowerRead next10Opposition to the Provisional GovernmentRead next11The Second Provisional GovernmentRead next12The October RevolutionRead next13Consolidating Bolshevik PowerRead next14Bolshevik Economic PoliciesRead next15Defeat of Domestic Enemies in the Civil WarRead next16Foreign Intervention in RussiaRead next
Political Situation in the German Confederation, 1840s
1Political Situation in the German Confederation, 1840sRead next2Economic and Social Developments in the 1840sRead next3Short-Term Causes of Revolution, 1846–48Read next4Outbreak of Revolution in 1848Read next5The Frankfurt Parliament, 1848–49Read next6Revolution in Prussia, 1848–49Read next7Reasons for Failure of the 1848 RevolutionsRead next8Political Impact of the German RevolutionsRead next9Austrian Strengths and WeaknessesRead next10Economic Developments in PrussiaRead next11Political Developments in PrussiaRead next12Prussia’s Victory Over Austria, 1862–66Read next13Prussia’s Role in Germany, 1866–67Read next14Prussia’s Relations with France, 1866–70Read next15Significance of the Franco-Prussian WarRead next16Reasons for Prussia’s SuccessRead next17Communism's Impact on the Twentieth CenturyRead next18Studying Communist Rule in Two NationsRead next19Students taking Route E will study: Paper 1, Option 1E: Russia…Read next
Lenin’s One-Party State
1Lenin’s One-Party StateRead next2Stalin’s Purges and PowerRead next3Government Under Khrushchev and BrezhnevRead next4Towards a Command EconomyRead next5Industry and Agriculture Under StalinRead next6Economic Changes, 1953–85Read next7Cultural Change Under Communist RuleRead next8Social Security Under Communist RuleRead next
Defending the GDR, 1949–61
1Defending the GDR, 1949–61Read next2Economic Situation After 1961Read next3Honecker and GDR IdentityRead next4Relations with West GermanyRead next5International Prestige of the GDRRead next6Social Change and Welfare in the GDRRead next7Repression and Control in the GDRRead next8The SED and the Protestant ChurchRead next9Western Influences on the GDRRead next10Economic Situation in the 1980sRead next11Gorbachev’s Influence on the GDRRead next12The Events of 1989 in the GDRRead next13The End of the GDRRead next14The Theme of Rights and Freedoms in Route FRead next15Radical Outcomes in India and South AfricaRead next16Studying Rights Movements Across NationsRead next17Interpretations as Constructions of the PastRead next18Questions Driving Historical InterpretationsRead next19Defining Elements of Historical InterpretationsRead next20Reasons for Historians' InterpretationsRead next21Evaluating Historical InterpretationsRead next22Organising and Communicating FindingsRead next23Students taking Route F will study: ● Paper 1, Option 1F: In search…Read next
Transformation of the USA, 20th Century
Changing Position of Women, 1917–80
Economic Influences on Quality of Life
Impact of Reagan Presidency, 1981–96
Economic Influences: Boom, Bust, and Recovery
1Economic Influences: Boom, Bust, and RecoveryRead next2Impact of World War II on EconomyRead next3Challenges of the 1970s EconomyRead next4Fluctuations in Living Standards, 1917–41Read next5Impact of World War II on Living StandardsRead next6Growth of Consumer Society, 1941–60Read next7Living Standards and Economic Divisions, 1961–80Read next8Increased Leisure Time, 1917–80Read next9Growth of Spectator Sports, 1917–80Read next10Car Ownership and Air Travel DevelopmentRead next11Threat of Invasion During World War IIRead next12The Cripps Mission and Quit India CampaignRead next13Wavell’s Appointment and Bengal FamineRead next14Failure of the Simla Conference, 1945Read next15Impact of World War II on British Rule in IndiaRead next16USA’s Influence on Indian NationalismRead next17Labour Government’s Indian PolicyRead next18Impact of Indian Elections, 1945–46Read next19Failure of the Cabinet MissionRead next20Direct Action and Nehru’s Interim GovernmentRead next21Mountbatten and Decision to WithdrawRead next22Reasons for Partition and Nationalist ResponseRead next23The Partition Plan and Boundary CommissionRead next24Independence and Communal Violence, 1947–48Read next
India in 1914: Political Geography and Society
1India in 1914: Political Geography and SocietyRead next2India’s Contribution to World War IRead next3Economic Impact of World War I on IndiaRead next4Effects of World War I on British RuleRead next5The Amritsar Massacre and Its AftermathRead next6The Montagu-Chelmsford Report and Government of India ActRead next7Growth of Nationalism Post-World War IRead next8Emergence of Gandhi and Indian National CongressRead next9The Lucknow Pact and Role of JinnahRead next10Home Rule Leagues and Response to British LegislationRead next11Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Campaign, 1920–22Read next12Significance of Gandhi’s ImprisonmentRead next13Congress Reorganised: Membership and OrganisationRead next14The Nehru Report and Lahore CongressRead next15The Salt Satyagraha and Civil DisobedienceRead next16The Khilafat Movement and Muslim LeagueRead next17Concept of Separateness and Jinnah’s AimsRead next18Breakdown of Relations Between Congress and Muslim LeagueRead next19British Control and Concessions Post-World War IRead next20The Simon Commission and Irwin DeclarationRead next
Failure of the Round Table Conferences
1Failure of the Round Table ConferencesRead next2Indian Reaction to Consultation FailureRead next3The Communal Award and Yeravda PactRead next4Government of India Act: Implementation and ImpactRead next5Outcome of the 1937 ElectionsRead next6Congress and Muslim League Responses to World War IIRead next7The Lahore Resolution and August OfferRead next8Bose and the Axis PowersRead next
Life in South Africa c1948
Reasons for National Party Victory in 1948
Black Consciousness and Steve Biko
Nationalism and Dictatorship in 20th-Century Europe
Key Political Changes in Germany, 1918–89
Creation of the Weimar Republic, 1918–19
1Creation of the Weimar Republic, 1918–19Read next2Challenges to the Democratic Constitution, 1918–29Read next3Collapse of Democracy, 1930–33Read next4Establishing the Nazi Dictatorship, 1933–34Read next5Nature of Nazi Government, 1934–39Read next6Government in Wartime, 1939–45Read next7Creation of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1945–49Read next8Political Consolidation Under Adenauer and ErhardRead next9Political Stability Under Brandt, Schmidt, and KohlRead next
Impact of Versailles on Opposition, 1918–33
1Impact of Versailles on Opposition, 1918–33Read next2Opposition and Dissent in Nazi Germany, 1933–45Read next3Political Dissent in West Germany, 1949–89Read next4Attempts to Control Extremism, 1918–32Read next5Censorship, Repression, and Propaganda, 1933–45Read next6De-Nazification Policies of Western Allies, 1945–49Read next7Legal Responses to Extremism, 1949–89Read next8Support for the Weimar Government, 1919–32Read next9Support for the Nazi Regime, 1933–45Read next10Support for Democracy in West Germany, 1945–89Read next11Italy's Political System in Early Twentieth CenturyRead next12Giolitti's Government and Policies, 1911Read next13Growing Instability in Italy, 1912–14Read next14Impact of the First World War on ItalyRead next15Challenges to Italy's Liberal State Post-WarRead next16Mussolini's Development of Fascism, 1919–22Read next17Mussolini's Rise to Power, 1920–22Read next18Creation of a Fascist Dictatorship in Italy, 1922–26Read next19Consent and Control Under MussoliniRead next20Mussolini's Relationship with Political InterestsRead next21Economic Policies Under MussoliniRead next22Mussolini's Relationship with the Catholic ChurchRead next23Italy's International Standing in 1935Read next24Italy's Foreign Policy, 1935–40Read next25Impact of the Second World War on ItalyRead next26Restoration of Democracy in Italy, 1943–46Read next27Spain's Creation of the Second Republic, 1930–31Read next28Years of Reform in Spain, 1931–33Read next29Years of Reaction in Spain, 1933–36Read next30The Failure of Spain's Popular Front, 1936Read next31Spain at the Outbreak of Civil War, 1936Read next32Course of the Spanish Civil WarRead next33Life During the Spanish Civil WarRead next34Reasons for Nationalist Victory in SpainRead next35Creation of Franco's 'New State'Read next36Controlling Society Under FrancoRead next37Economic Development Under FrancoRead next38Franco's Dictatorship and Foreign RelationsRead next39Economic and Social Change in Spain, 1956–75Read next40Political Developments in Spain, 1956–75Read next41Planning Succession Under FrancoRead next42Spain's Transition to DemocracyRead next43Spread of the Depression, 1929–32Read next44Hoover's Response to the DepressionRead next45Roosevelt's First New Deal, 1933–35Read next46Roosevelt's Second New Deal, 1935–38Read next
Nature of Challenges to Liberal Democracies
Extent of Britain’s Transformation, 1918–79
Changing Party Fortunes, 1918–31
1Changing Party Fortunes, 1918–31Read next2The National Government, 1931–45Read next3Labour Government and Consensus Politics, 1945–79Read next4Economic Challenges and Recovery, 1918–39Read next5Creating a Managed Economy, 1939–51Read next6Economic Challenges and Responses, 1951–79Read next7Industrial Change and Relations, 1918–39Read next8Changing Work Opportunities, 1939–79Read next9Breakdown of Industrial Relations, 1960s–70sRead next10Social Welfare Provision, 1918–39Read next11Impact of WWII and Labour Government on WelfareRead next12Challenges to State Welfare Provision, 1964–79Read next13Health Provision, 1918–45Read next14Creation of the NHS, 1945–79Read next15Medical Advances and Challenges to Health ProvisionRead next16Education Policy, 1918–43Read next17Significance of the Butler Act, 1944Read next18Development of Comprehensive Education to 1979Read next19Growth and Impact of University Education, 1918–79Read next
Impact of New Deal Policies on Unemployment
1Impact of New Deal Policies on UnemploymentRead next2Women and the New DealRead next3State of the US Economy in 1940Read next4New Deal Policies and Black AmericansRead next5Indian Reorganisation Act, 1934Read next6Changes for Hispanic AmericansRead next7Ethnic Minorities and the War EffortRead next8Race Riots of 1943 and Double V CampaignRead next9WPA Support for Writers and MusiciansRead next10Changes in Women’s Roles During WWIIRead next11Fair Employment Practices CommissionRead next12Hollywood War Films and Disney’s RiseRead next13Growing Power of Radio and Popular MusicRead next14Collapse of Unemployment During WWIIRead next15Women’s Contribution to the War EffortRead next16Migration to Urban and Industrial CentresRead next17Growth of New Industries During WWIIRead next
Changing Employment Opportunities, 1945–55
1Changing Employment Opportunities, 1945–55Read next2Government Policies to Encourage Economic GrowthRead next3Provision of Mortgages for VeteransRead next4Growth of Suburbs and Levittown ProjectsRead next5HUAC and McCarthyism’s Impact on SocietyRead next6Anti-Communism and the Cold War ContextRead next7Reality of the Nuclear AgeRead next8Hollywood’s Role in the Cold WarRead next9Origins of Teenage Culture and Rock’n’RollRead next10Truman’s Desegregation of the Armed ForcesRead next11Integration in Sports and EntertainmentRead next12The Growth of the NAACPRead next13The Brown Case and Its Impact, 1954–55Read next14Reaganomics and Economic PoliciesRead next15The Religious Right and Social CampaignsRead next16Cultural Challenges in the USA, 1980sRead next17Social Change in the USA by 1992Read next
Expansion of Suburbs and Highway Development
1Expansion of Suburbs and Highway DevelopmentRead next2Consumerism and Domestic TechnologyRead next3Suburban Conformity in Film and TVRead next4Teenage Culture and Music in the 1950sRead next5Montgomery and Birmingham Civil Rights ProtestsRead next6Impact of the Washington MarchRead next7Role of the Ku Klux Klan and White Citizens’ CommitteesRead next8Kennedy’s Social Welfare and Unemployment ProgramsRead next9Kennedy’s Environmental and Space PoliciesRead next
Malcolm X and the Rise of Black Power
1Malcolm X and the Rise of Black PowerRead next2Martin Luther King’s Changing PrioritiesRead next3Cesar Chavez and Farm Workers’ RightsRead next4Student Protest and Counter-CultureRead next5Growth of the Women’s MovementRead next6Origins of Gay Rights ActivismRead next7Johnson’s Great Society ProgramsRead next8Medicare and Medicaid Under JohnsonRead next9Civil Rights Legislation of the 1960sRead next10Reactions to Counter-Culture and VietnamRead next11Nixon’s Appeal to the Silent MajorityRead next12Impact of Inflation and Foreign CompetitionRead next13Oil Crisis and End of Cheap EnergyRead next14Fragmentation of Popular MusicRead next15Depictions of Social Tensions in Film and TVRead next16Roe v. Wade and Women’s RightsRead next17Impact of Red Power on Indigenous RightsRead next18Status of Black Americans by 1972Read next
Major landowners and their role in governance, 1399–1509
Bolingbroke's seizure of the Crown, 1399
1Bolingbroke's seizure of the Crown, 1399Read next2Henry IV and early revolts, 1399–1400Read next3Rebellion and survival, 1403–1405Read next4Renewing the war with France, 1415Read next5The challenge of Lollardy and royal responseRead next6The Burgundian Alliance and Treaty of Troyes, 1417–1420Read next7Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou, 1449–1461Read next8Cade's Rebellion, 1450Read next9The Duke of York's protectorate and ambitions, 1454–1461Read next10The murder of George, Duke of Clarence, 1478Read next11Richard III's challenges and failures, 1483–1485Read next12Henry Tudor’s success at Bosworth Field, 1485Read next13Henry Tudor’s marriage to Elizabeth of YorkRead next14Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck’s challengesRead next15Tax resistance: Yorkshire and Cornish RebellionsRead next16Changes in government and administration, 1485–1603Read next17Crown, church, and Parliament, 1485–1603Read next18Local governance and borough representation, 1485–1603Read next19The changing role of justices of the peace, 1485–1603Read next20Royal patronage and progresses, 1485–1603Read next21Henry Tudor’s measures to secure the throne, 1485–1487Read next22Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck’s challenges, 1486–1499Read next23Foreign support for challengers to Henry VIIRead next24Henrician religious changes, 1533–1537Read next25The Lincolnshire Rising and Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536–1537Read next26Leaders in the Pilgrimage of Grace: Aske and CromwellRead next27Social and economic reasons for rebellionRead next28Kett’s Rebellion: demands and suppressionRead next29Leaders in Kett’s Rebellion: Somerset and WarwickRead next30Mary, Queen of Scots and court politicsRead next31The Revolt of the Northern Earls, 1569Read next32Failure and impact of the Northern RevoltRead next33The Nine Years’ War: Tyrone’s RebellionRead next34Key battles and figures in Tyrone’s RebellionRead next35England’s success in the Nine Years’ WarRead next36Spanish power in Italy and the MediterraneanRead next37Spanish influence in northern Europe and PortugalRead next38The power of the Spanish army and navy, 1474–1598Read next39Spanish financial resources, 1474–1598Read next40The position of Jews and conversos in SpainRead next41The foundation and impact of the Inquisition, 1478–1480Read next42The expulsion of Jews from Spain, 1492Read next43Charles von Habsburg's accession in 1516Read next44The revolt of the Comuneros and its defeatRead next45Impact of the Comuneros revolt under Charles VRead next46Inflation and its impact on Spanish societyRead next47Gold and silver imports and inflation in SpainRead next48The social impact of the price revolution in SpainRead next49Spain’s drive for orthodoxy, 1558–1570Read next50The Great Rebellion of 1568: causes and impactRead next51The rebellion in Granada and its repressionRead next52Royal authority and the Kingdom of AragónRead next53The revolt in Zaragoza, 1590Read next54Impact of the Zaragoza revolt on Philip IIRead next55Extending Influence to the North and WestRead next
Charles’s drive for orthodoxy, 1558–1570
Gilly Duncan's Confession and Danish Influence
1Gilly Duncan's Confession and Danish InfluenceRead next2Agnes Sampson, John Fian, and Royal TortureRead next3Reasons for Scottish Witch Persecutions to 1597Read next4Pendle Witchcraft Statute of 1604Read next5Origins of the Pendle Witch TrialsRead next6The Pendle Witch Trial of 1612Read next7Bamberg Witch Hunts and the Thirty Years WarRead next8Prince-Bishop von Dornheim and TortureRead next9Ending the Bamberg Witch CrazeRead next10Economic Crises and Witch HuntsRead next11Matthew Hopkins and John Stearne's MethodsRead next12Ending the English Witch CrazeRead next13Salem Witch Trials: Context and OriginsRead next14Cotton Mather and Salem Witch TrialsRead next15Ending the Salem Witch HuntRead next16Impact of the 1833 Factory ActRead next17Technology's Role in Changing Work PatternsRead next18Workers' Unions and Their InfluenceRead next19Government Action and Children's LivesRead next20Changing Attitudes to Children, 1759–1928Read next21Josiah Wedgwood's Experimental WorkRead next22Wedgwood and the Trent and Mersey CanalRead next23Wedgwood's Anti-Slavery MedallionRead next24Growth of Quarry Bank MillRead next25Labour Problems at Quarry Bank MillRead next26Quarry Bank Mill and Cotton IndustryRead next27Brunel and the Great Western RailwayRead next28Brunel's Diverse Engineering SkillsRead next29Impact of Brunel's Work on Travel and TransportRead next30The Rover Safety BicycleRead next31Safety Bicycle and Leisure PursuitsRead next32Safety Bicycle's Impact on WomenRead next33Longbridge Works, 1905–18Read next34Development of the Austin 7Read next35Social and Economic Impact of the Austin 7Read next36Public Health Problems of IndustrialisationRead next37Changing Attitudes to Public HealthRead next38Government Action in Public HealthRead next39Public Health Acts and ReformsRead next40Individuals Improving Public HealthRead next41Parish-Based Relief SystemsRead next42Indoor Relief and PoorhousesRead next43Pressures for Poor Law ReformRead next44Impact of Workhouses Under the Poor LawRead next45Opposition to the New Poor LawRead next46Changing Government Control of Poor LawRead next47Charity and Self-Help in Poverty ReliefRead next48Individuals Challenging Poverty OrthodoxyRead next49Pressures for Welfare ReformRead next50Royal Commission on the Poor LawsRead next51Impact of Liberal Welfare ReformsRead next52Poverty in the 1920s and 1930sRead next53Hunger Marches and Ellen WilkinsonRead next54Government Measures in the 1930sRead next
Tensions Between Colonists and Britain
1Tensions Between Colonists and BritainRead next2Clashes and Declaration of IndependenceRead next3Britain's Defeat and Treaty of ParisRead next4Australia as a Penal ColonyRead next5Impact on Indigenous AustraliansRead next6Spreading British Settlement in AustraliaRead next7Upper and Lower Canada GovernanceRead next8Revolts in Canada, 1837–38Read next9Durham Report and RecommendationsRead next10Role of East India Company in BengalRead next11William Sleeman's Campaign Against ThagiRead next12Indian Rebellion and British ControlRead next13Intervention in Egypt, 1882Read next14French Withdrawal and British CampaignRead next15Egypt as a 'Veiled Protectorate'Read next16Sudan and British ConquestRead next
McNeill-Tulloch, Cardwell, and Haldane Reforms
1McNeill-Tulloch, Cardwell, and Haldane ReformsRead next2The Navy: Sail to Steam and DownsizingRead next3Graham’s and Fisher’s Naval ReformsRead next4Impressment, Volunteers, and ConscriptionRead next5Science and Technology in Weaponry DevelopmentRead next6Finance and Civilian Roles in War EffortsRead next7The Franchise and Representation, c1780–1928Read next8Reform and Redistribution, c1780–1928Read next9Decline of Crown and Aristocratic InfluenceRead next10Political Parties and Social Change, c1780–1928Read next11Extra-Parliamentary Protest, 1792–1819Read next12Government Responses to Protest, 1794–1819Read next13Key Radical Figures and Their InfluenceRead next14Chartism: Aims, Actions, and FailuresRead next15Fluctuations in Chartist SupportRead next16Government Responses to ChartismRead next17Introduction of the Contagious Diseases ActsRead next18Impact of the Contagious Diseases Acts on WomenRead next19Josephine Butler and the Ladies’ AssociationRead next20The Irish Volunteers and United IrishmenRead next21The Campaign for Home Rule, 1870–1910Read next22The Easter Rising and Irish IndependenceRead next23Changing British Policies in Ireland, 1774–1922Read next24British Politicians and Irish AgitationRead next25Penal Laws and Catholic Relief Acts, 1774–93Read next26Daniel O’Connell and Catholic EmancipationRead next27Removal of Irish Trade Restrictions, 1778–82Read next28The Textile Industry and Mechanisation in UlsterRead next29Development of Shipbuilding in UlsterRead next30Industrialisation and Living Conditions in UlsterRead next31Famine and Its Impact on IrelandRead next32Government Responses to the Irish FamineRead next33Depopulation and Emigration in IrelandRead next34The Dublin Land Conference and Land Act 1870Read next35The Long Depression and Irish AgricultureRead next36The Land Wars and Irish Land LeagueRead next37Urban Workers and the ITGWU, 1907–1909Read next38The Dublin General Strike and Lock-OutRead next39British Trade Unions and Irish WorkersRead next40Impact of New Technologies on War ReportingRead next41Televised War Reporting and Public PerceptionRead next42Changing Remembrance of War, 1859–1991Read next43Official Attempts to Shape War PerceptionRead next44Propaganda and News Control in WarsRead next45Railways and Steam Boats in War LogisticsRead next46Increased Firepower: Rifles and ArtilleryRead next47Von Moltke and Prussian Military PlanningRead next48Smokeless Propellants and Machine GunsRead next49French and German Artillery Before 1914Read next50Technologies in the Failure of War of MovementRead next51Internal Combustion Engine in WWI WarfareRead next52French Planning and Technology in the 1930sRead next53German Blitzkrieg and Technological PlanningRead next54Impact of Submarines in WWIRead next55Submarines and the Battle of the AtlanticRead next56Naval Codes: Enigma and CountermeasuresRead next57Yamamoto and the Attack on Pearl HarborRead next58Developments in Aerial WarfareRead next59Terror Bombing Campaigns, 1943–1945Read next60Air Power in Vietnam and the Gulf WarRead next61Class Structure and Prosperity, 1871–1990Read next62Changing Role of Women, 1871–1990Read next63Industrial Growth and Economic ChangesRead next64Government Policies and Economic ChangeRead next65Germany's Constitution: Unity and DivisionRead next66The Reichstag and Regional DivisionsRead next67Bismarck and the KulturkampfRead next68Military Dictatorship and Erzberger's Peace ResolutionRead next69Prince Max of Baden and 1918 ReformsRead next70The Weimar Constitution: Freedom and StabilityRead next71Gleichschaltung: Creating a Totalitarian StateRead next72Hitler's Role as FührerRead next73Volksgemeinschaft and the Nuremberg LawsRead next74The FRG Constitution and ReconciliationRead next75Adenauer and CDU's Role in the FRGRead next76De-Nazification in the 1950sRead next77Refugees from the GDR in 1989Read next78The GDR Revolution and Kohl's Ten Point PlanRead next79Reasons for German ReunificationRead next80Key Russian Agricultural Policies, 1855–1991Read next81Living Standards and Migration in RussiaRead next82Agricultural Reform and Productivity in RussiaRead next83Feeding Russia's Population, 1861–1991Read next84Impact of the Crimean War on ReformRead next85Zemstvo and Municipal StatutesRead next86Freedom of Expression and Press RegulationsRead next87The Russo-Japanese War and RevolutionRead next88Bloody Sunday and the October ManifestoRead next89Repression of Opposition After 1905Read next90February Revolution and End of TsardomRead next91October Revolution: Lenin and TrotskyRead next92Bolsheviks in Power: Concessions and ViolenceRead next93De-Stalinisation and Party ResistanceRead next94Glasnost and Perestroika ImpactsRead next95Yeltsin and Conservative OppositionRead next
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Western Technologies in Chinese Development
The Treaty of Tianjin 1860
1The Treaty of Tianjin 1860Read next2Treaty Ports and Foreign TradeRead next3Foreign Language Schools and MissionsRead next4The Sino-Japanese War 1894–95Read next5The Triple Intervention and ConcessionsRead next6The Boxer Rebellion 1899–1901Read next7The Manchurian Crisis 1931–33Read next8The Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1937Read next9The Nanjing Massacre 1937Read next10Sino-American Relations 1940–41Read next11Sino-Soviet Relations 1958–60Read next12Mao's Fears of the Soviet UnionRead next13Military Confrontation in 1969Read next14China in World OrganisationsRead next15China-Japan CooperationRead next16China-USA Relations Post-1979Read next17The Return of Hong Kong 1997Read next18Black Migration Patterns 1850–2009Read next19Segregation and Settlement 1850–2009Read next20Race and Literature 1850–2009Read next21Race and Visual Media 1850–2009Read next22The Thirteenth Amendment 1865Read next23Radical Reconstruction 1867–77Read next24Backlash to ReconstructionRead next25Civil Rights Cases 1883Read next26The Spread of Jim Crow LawsRead next27Plessy v. Ferguson 1896Read next28Southern Democrats and RaceRead next29Federal Failures on Civil RightsRead next30The New Deal and Black AmericansRead next31Civil Rights Activities 1954–63Read next32Civil Rights Legislation 1964–68Read next33Divisions in the Civil Rights MovementRead next34Barack Obama's Early CareerRead next35Obama's Democratic Nomination 2008Read next36Obama's Victory in 2008Read next37Women's Personal Lives 1882–2004Read next38Shifts in Attitudes to WomenRead next39Women's Working Lives 1882–2004Read next40Leisure Changes 1882–2004Read next41Transport and Leisure PatternsRead next42Technology and Leisure PatternsRead next43Beaverbrook and NorthcliffeRead next44Rothermere's Media InfluenceRead next45The Daily Herald's RoleRead next46Media and War ReportingRead next47Broadcasting to the Home FrontRead next48Propaganda Broadcasts in WWIIRead next49Satire and Social ChangeRead next50Film and TV on Social IssuesRead next51The 'Swinging Sixties'Read next52Thatcher's Media PoliciesRead next53Competition in BroadcastingRead next54Government Control of MediaRead next55Media and the Iraq War DossiersRead next56The BBC and Government ConflictRead next57The Hutton Enquiry's ImpactRead next
Coursework and Historical Interpretations
Choosing Works for Historical Research
1Choosing Works for Historical ResearchRead next2Teacher Validation of Research ChoicesRead next3Supplementary Reading in CourseworkRead next4Independent Research ProcessRead next5Resource Record and Independence ValidationRead next6Access to IT and ResourcesRead next7Ensuring Range in Research ResourcesRead next8Teacher Supervision of ResearchRead next9Understanding Rubrics and CriteriaRead next10Draft Guidance and Feedback LimitationsRead next11Marking and Submission RulesRead next12Bibliography and Referencing RequirementsRead next13Authentication and Submission RequirementsRead next14Recommended Word Count for CourseworkRead next15Use of Footnotes and AppendicesRead next16Presentation and Identification of CourseworkRead next17Signing the Coursework Authentication SheetRead next18Ensuring Coursework AuthenticityRead next
Conducting a Deeper Analytic Study
1Conducting a Deeper Analytic StudyRead next2Cross-Curricular ExplorationRead next3Choosing Extended Project TopicsRead next4History and Politics Dissertation ExampleRead next5Primary Research in HistoryRead next6History-Based Performance or Artefact ProjectsRead next7Studying the History of Multiple CountriesRead next8Breadth and Depth in Historical StudyRead next9Significant Individuals and Broad ContextsRead next10Developments Affecting Different GroupsRead next11Historical Perspectives in StudyRead next12Chronological Range of 200 YearsRead next13Substantial British History ComponentRead next14Studying Long-Term and Short-Term ChangeRead next15Knowledge and Historical DebatesRead next16Making Links Between Historical AspectsRead next17Understanding Historical Terms and ConceptsRead next18Causes and Consequences in HistoryRead next19Significance in Historical AnalysisRead next20Using Historical Sources CriticallyRead next21Evaluating Historians’ InterpretationsRead next22Depth and Sophistication in A Level StudyRead next23Understanding History as a DisciplineRead next24Independent Historical EnquiryRead next25Organising and Communicating Historical KnowledgeRead next
Understanding Historical Interpretations
And 3 targets one or more of the historical concepts. The coursework…
Frequently Asked Questions
Topics include revolutions, empires, religious changes, and political transformations across various periods and regions.
Assessment includes three written papers and coursework, covering breadth studies, depth studies, and thematic analysis.
The course is typically studied over two years, with exams taken at the end of the second year.
To revise effectively for A-Level History, focus on understanding key themes and historical interpretations. Use the specification as a checklist, practise essay questions, and review past papers to build confidence in exam-style responses.