Marine Science

Structure of the Earth

Plate tectonics

Mid-ocean ridges

Deep sea trenches

Continental shelf, slope and rise

Distribution of oceans and seas

Waves

Tides

Ocean currents

Causes and effects of currents

Salinity

Measurement of salinity

Density of seawater

Temperature of seawater

Effect of temperature and salinity on density

Stratification of seawater

Mixing of seawater

Dissolved gases

Oxygen in seawater

Carbon dioxide in seawater

pH of seawater

Upwelling

El Niño (basic understanding)

Marine plants

Marine animals

Marine protoctists

Classification of marine organisms

Cell structure (plant and animal cells)

Plankton

Phytoplankton

Zooplankton

Life cycles of marine organisms

Reproduction in marine organisms

Migration

Structural adaptations

Behavioural adaptations

Physiological adaptations

Sources of nutrients

Photosynthesis in marine environments

Factors affecting photosynthesis

Respiration

Food chains

Food webs

Trophic levels

Energy transfer

Efficiency of energy transfer

Carbon cycle in the oceans

Nitrogen cycle (basic outline)

Abiotic factors

Ecosystems

Habitats

Rocky shore ecosystems

Zonation on rocky shores

Sandy shore ecosystems

Estuaries

Mangrove ecosystems

Open ocean habitats

Benthic zone

Pelagic zone

Deep sea habitats

Coral reefs

Coral structure

Zooxanthellae

Conditions for coral growth

Reef zonation

Sampling methods

Quadrats

Transects

Nets and plankton tows

Data collection and presentation

Risk assessment in fieldwork

Overfishing

Bycatch

Fish population management

Maximum sustainable yield

Aquaculture

Advantages and disadvantages of aquaculture

Pollution

Oil pollution

Plastic pollution

Sewage pollution

Chemical pollution

Eutrophication

Habitat destruction

Climate change

Ocean warming

Ocean acidification

Invasive species

Marine conservation

Marine protected areas

Sustainable use of marine resources

Role of education and legislation