Edexcel · IGCSE
Your journey to excellence inBusiness Studies
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Financial business objectives: survival, profit, sales, market share, financial security
1Financial business objectives: survival, profit, sales, market share, financial securityRead next2Non-financial business objectives: social aims, satisfaction, challenge, independence, controlRead next3Why business objectives change as a business evolvesRead next4Sole traders: key features, pros and consRead next5Partnerships: key features, pros and consRead next6Private limited companies: key features, pros and consRead next7Public limited companies: key features, pros and consRead next8Public corporations: reasons for and against public ownershipRead next9Risk, ownership and limited liability: what they mean in practiceRead next10Ownership vs control in different business formsRead next11Stakeholders and shareholders: who they are and why they matterRead next12Choosing the most appropriate form of ownership for a business scenarioRead next13Franchises: what they are and why firms use themRead next14Social enterprises: purpose and how they operateRead next15Multinationals: what they are and why firms become multinationalsRead next16Primary sector: what it is, typical businesses and examplesRead next17Secondary sector: what it is, typical businesses and examplesRead next18Tertiary sector: what it is, typical businesses and examplesRead next19Location factors: proximity to market, labour, materials and competitorsRead next20Location decisions and relocation: how business activity affects the decisionRead next21Impact of the internet on location: e-commerce vs fixed premisesRead next22Location and the external environment: legal controls and trade blocsRead next23Globalisation: what it is and why it happensRead next24Globalisation: opportunities and threats for businessesRead next25Multinationals: benefits to the businessRead next26Multinationals: benefits to a host country/economyRead next27Multinationals: possible drawbacks to a host country/economyRead next28Exchange rates: calculating exchange rates (worked method)Read next29Exchange rates: impact on international competitivenessRead next30Exchange rates: impact on importers and exportersRead next31Government spending: why governments spend and limits on spendingRead next32How government affects business activity: infrastructure provisionRead next33How government affects business activity: legislationRead next34Trade policy: trading blocs and tariffsRead next35Interest rates: effects on businessesRead next36Interest rates: effects on consumer spendingRead next37External factors: social influences on business decisionsRead next38External factors: technological influences on business decisionsRead next39External factors: environmental influences on business decisionsRead next40External factors: political influences on business decisionsRead next41Measuring business success: revenueRead next42Measuring business success: market shareRead next43Measuring business success: customer satisfactionRead next44Measuring business success: profitRead next45Measuring business success: growthRead next46Measuring business success: owner/shareholder satisfactionRead next47Measuring business success: employee satisfactionRead next48Reasons for business failure: cash flow problems and lack of financeRead next49Reasons for business failure: not competitiveRead next50Reasons for business failure: failure to adapt to market changesRead next
Why effective communication matters in business
1Why effective communication matters in businessRead next2Internal communication: purposes and examplesRead next3External communication: purposes and examplesRead next4Communication methods (including IT): choosing the right methodRead next5Benefits and limitations of different communication methodsRead next6How communication barriers ariseRead next7Problems caused by ineffective communicationRead next8How to remove communication barriersRead next9Types of employment: full-time and part-timeRead next10Types of employment: flexitime and zero-hours contractsRead next11Types of employment: job shareRead next12Types of employment: casual, seasonal and temporaryRead next13Recruitment documents: job descriptionRead next14Recruitment documents: person specificationRead next15Recruitment documents: application formRead next16Recruitment documents: CV/résuméRead next17Internal recruitment: advantages and disadvantagesRead next18External recruitment: advantages and disadvantagesRead next19Recruitment process: job advertisementRead next20Recruitment process: shortlistingRead next21Recruitment process: interviewingRead next22Legal controls: equal opportunities (protected characteristics)Read next23Legal controls: minimum wage laws and their effectsRead next24Why training matters for the business and for workersRead next25Induction training: purpose and examplesRead next26On-the-job training: purpose, benefits and limitationsRead next27Off-the-job training: purpose, benefits and limitationsRead next28Training and compliance with health and safety lawsRead next29Motivation: why it matters (attracting, retaining, productivity)Read next30Taylor’s view of motivation (scientific management)Read next31Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (workplace application)Read next32Herzberg’s two-factor theory (workplace application)Read next33Financial motivation: remunerationRead next34Financial motivation: bonus and commissionRead next35Financial motivation: promotion and fringe benefitsRead next36Non-financial motivation: job rotation and job enrichmentRead next37Non-financial motivation: autonomyRead next38Organisational structures: hierarchical vs flatRead next39Organisational structures: centralised vs decentralisedRead next40Span of control: what it is and why it mattersRead next41Chain of command: what it is and why it mattersRead next42Delegation: what it is and when it works wellRead next43Functional areas: human resources (what HR does)Read next44Functional areas: finance (what the finance function does)Read next45Functional areas: marketing (what the marketing function does)Read next46Functional areas: production/operations (what operations does)Read next
Why businesses need finance: short-term needs
1Why businesses need finance: short-term needsRead next2Why businesses need finance: long-term needsRead next3Finance for start-up vs finance for expansionRead next4Internal finance: personal savingsRead next5Internal finance: retained profitRead next6Internal finance: selling assetsRead next7External finance: overdrafts and trade payablesRead next8External finance: loans (loan capital)Read next9External finance: share capital and stock market flotationRead next10External finance: venture capitalRead next11External finance: crowdfundingRead next12Why cash is vital: paying suppliers, overheads and employeesRead next13Cash vs profit: spotting the difference in exam questionsRead next14Cash-flow forecasts: cash inflowsRead next15Cash-flow forecasts: cash outflowsRead next16Cash-flow forecasts: net cash flowRead next17Cash-flow forecasts: opening and closing balancesRead next18Interpreting a cash-flow forecast to identify problems and solutionsRead next19Revenue: what it is and how to calculate itRead next20Fixed costs vs variable costs (with business examples)Read next21Total costs: how to calculate and interpretRead next22Profit and loss: calculating profit and understanding lossesRead next23Break-even: what it means for a businessRead next24Break-even output: calculating using a formulaRead next25Break-even output: finding it from a break-even diagramRead next26Interpreting break-even charts: margin of safety and profit/loss areasRead next27Break-even changes: impact of changing revenueRead next28Break-even changes: impact of changing costsRead next29Limitations of break-even charts: why results aren’t always reliableRead next30Statement of comprehensive income: what it is used forRead next31Income statement features: sales, cost of sales and gross profitRead next32Income statement features: expenses and operating profitRead next33Using an income statement for decision making (no construction)Read next34Profit: what it is, why it matters, and how it differs from revenueRead next35Statement of financial position: what it is used forRead next36Balance sheet features: current and non-current assetsRead next37Balance sheet features: current and non-current liabilitiesRead next38Capital employed: what it representsRead next39Interpreting a statement of financial position (no construction)Read next40Gross profit margin: calculating and interpretingRead next41Operating profit margin: calculating and interpretingRead next42Markup: calculating and interpretingRead next43ROCE: calculating and interpretingRead next44Current ratio: calculating and interpretingRead next45Acid test ratio: calculating and interpretingRead next46Liquidity: what it means and why it mattersRead next47Comparing ratios over time and against other businessesRead next48Using financial documents to assess performance and make decisionsRead next
Why businesses do market research: needs, gaps, risk reduction, decisions
1Why businesses do market research: needs, gaps, risk reduction, decisionsRead next2Primary research: surveysRead next3Primary research: questionnairesRead next4Primary research: focus groupsRead next5Primary research: observationRead next6Primary research: test marketingRead next7Secondary research: internet sources (benefits and risks)Read next8Secondary research: market reportsRead next9Secondary research: government reportsRead next10Qualitative vs quantitative data in market researchRead next11Using social media to collect market research dataRead next12Reliability of market research data: bias, sample size, outdated dataRead next13Why marketing matters: satisfying customer needsRead next14Building customer relationships and customer loyaltyRead next15Market orientation vs product orientationRead next16Market share: meaning and basic analysisRead next17Niche marketing vs mass marketingRead next18Responding to changing customer needsRead next19Responding to changing customer/consumer spending patternsRead next20Responding to increased competitionRead next21Market segmentation: why businesses segment marketsRead next22Segmenting by location: geographic segmentationRead next23Segmenting by demographicsRead next24Segmenting by lifestyle: psychographic segmentationRead next25Segmenting by incomeRead next26Segmenting by ageRead next27Targeting: choosing a segment and justifying the choiceRead next28Product: developing a new product or serviceRead next29Goods vs services: key differences for marketing decisionsRead next30Packaging: why it matters (protection, branding, information)Read next31Product life cycle: the main stagesRead next32Product life cycle: extension strategies (how firms extend sales)Read next33Managing a product portfolio: Boston Matrix basicsRead next34Price: cost-plus pricingRead next35Price: penetration pricingRead next36Price: competition pricingRead next37Price: price skimmingRead next38Price: promotional pricingRead next39Place: distribution channels and choosing methods of distributionRead next40Retailers as a distribution channelRead next41E-tailers and e-commerce as a distribution channelRead next42Promotion strategies: advertisingRead next43Promotion strategies: sponsorshipRead next44Promotion strategies: product trials and special offersRead next45Promotion strategies: branding as promotionRead next46Above-the-line vs below-the-line promotionRead next47Public relations: improving company image and brandRead next48Technology in promotion: targeted online advertisingRead next49Technology in promotion: viral advertising via social mediaRead next50Technology in promotion: e-newslettersRead next51Brands: why branding is valuable to a businessRead next
Economies of scale: what they are and why average costs fall
1Economies of scale: what they are and why average costs fallRead next2Internal economies of scale: examples (purchasing, technical, managerial, financial)Read next3External economies of scale: what they are and examplesRead next4Diseconomies of scale: what they are and why growth can create problemsRead next5Limits of growth: when bigger stops being betterRead next6Production methods: job productionRead next7Production methods: batch productionRead next8Production methods: flow productionRead next9Labour-intensive vs capital-intensive production: how to tell the differenceRead next10Choosing a production method: impact on cost, quality and flexibilityRead next11Productivity: what it is and how to calculate itRead next12Productivity improvements: how higher productivity affects a businessRead next13Lean production: what it is and why it mattersRead next14Just-in-time (JIT): how it works and risksRead next15Kaizen: continuous improvement in practiceRead next16Using resources effectively: reducing waste and improving efficiencyRead next17Technology in production: robotics and automationRead next18Balancing cost, productivity, quality and flexibility in operations decisionsRead next19Factors of production: enterprise (role of the entrepreneur)Read next20Factors of production: land, labour and capital (roles and examples)Read next21Changing relationships between enterprise, capital, land and labourRead next22Quality: what “quality” means for goods and servicesRead next23Quality control: how it works and when it’s usedRead next24Total quality management (TQM): whole-business approach to qualityRead next25Quality and competitive advantage: why quality can help win customersRead next
What Paper 1 tests: investigating small businesses (using context)
1What Paper 1 tests: investigating small businesses (using context)Read next2What Paper 2 tests: investigating large businesses (using context)Read next3Using data and information sources to support analysis and judgementRead next4Command words: calculate, analyse, discuss, evaluate (what each needs)Read next5Building strong evaluation: balanced arguments and justified decisionRead next6Full marks on calculations: show workings, state units, clear answersRead next
Financial Objectives of Businesses
1Financial Objectives of BusinessesRead next2Non-Financial Objectives of BusinessesRead next3Why Objectives Change Over TimeRead next4Sole Traders: Characteristics and ExamplesRead next5Partnerships: Characteristics and ExamplesRead next6Private Limited Companies: Features and BenefitsRead next7Public Limited Companies: Features and BenefitsRead next8Public Corporations: Pros and ConsRead next9Franchises: How They WorkRead next10Social Enterprises: Objectives and BenefitsRead next11Multinationals: Importance and InfluenceRead next12Primary Sector ActivitiesRead next13Secondary Sector ActivitiesRead next14Tertiary Sector ActivitiesRead next15Factors Influencing Business LocationRead next16Impact of E-Commerce on Location DecisionsRead next17Legal Controls on Business LocationRead next18Trade Blocs and Location ConsiderationsRead next19Understanding GlobalisationRead next20Opportunities from GlobalisationRead next21Threats from GlobalisationRead next22Benefits of Becoming a MultinationalRead next23Impact of Multinationals on Host CountriesRead next24Drawbacks of Multinationals for Host CountriesRead next25Exchange Rate CalculationsRead next26Impact of Exchange Rate Changes on BusinessesRead next27Government Spending and Public ServicesRead next28Taxation and Constraints on SpendingRead next29Infrastructure Provision by GovernmentsRead next30Legislation Affecting BusinessesRead next31Trade Policies and TariffsRead next32Impact of Interest Rates on Business ActivityRead next33Impact of Interest Rates on Consumer SpendingRead next34Social Factors Affecting Business DecisionsRead next35Technological Factors Affecting Business DecisionsRead next36Environmental Factors Affecting Business DecisionsRead next37Political Factors Affecting Business DecisionsRead next38Revenue as a Measure of Business SuccessRead next39Market Share as a Measure of SuccessRead next40Customer Satisfaction as a Success MetricRead next41Profit as a Measure of SuccessRead next42Growth as a Measure of Business SuccessRead next43Owner and Shareholder SatisfactionRead next44Employee Satisfaction as a Success MetricRead next45Common Causes of Business FailureRead next46Impact of Cash Flow Problems on BusinessesRead next47Failure to Adapt to Market ChangesRead next48Competitiveness and Business SurvivalRead next