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By Revision Genie
Criminal Psychology
Unit 1
Types of Crime: Violent Offences
Types of Crime: Drug-related Offences
Types of Crime: Acquisitive Offences
Types of Crime: Sexual Offences
Types of Crime: Anti-social Behaviour
Crime as a Social Construct
Deviations from Social Norms in Crime
Role of Culture in Defining Crime
How Crime is Measured: Official Statistics
How Crime is Measured: Self-Report Methods
Overview of Social Learning Theory
Role Models in Social Learning Theory
Observation and Imitation in Criminal Behavior
Vicarious Reinforcement in Criminality
Direct Reinforcement and Internalisation
Criticisms of Social Learning Theory
Cooper and Mackie Study: Background
Cooper and Mackie Study: Methodology
Cooper and Mackie Study: Results and Conclusions
Cooper and Mackie Study: Criticisms
Overview of Eysenck’s Criminal Personality Theory
Extraversion in Criminal Personality
Neuroticism in Criminal Personality
Psychoticism in Criminal Personality
Biological Basis of Personality in Criminal Behavior
Role of Dopamine in Psychoticism
Reticular Activation System and Extraversion
Autonomic Nervous System and Neuroticism
Role of Early Socialisation in Criminal Personality
Criticisms of Eysenck’s Criminal Personality Theory
Heaven Study: Background
Heaven Study: Methodology
Heaven Study: Results and Conclusions
Heaven Study: Criticisms
Rehabilitation in Reducing Criminal Behavior
Restorative Justice Explained
Role of Positive Role Models in Rehabilitation
Effects of Punishment on Criminal Behavior
Use of Prisons as a Deterrent
Community Sentences and Fines in Crime Prevention
Unit 2
Development
Stages of Development Overview
Pre-natal Development
Childhood Development
Adolescence Development
Adulthood Development
Brain Structure Overview
The Cerebrum and Its Functions
The Cerebellum and Its Functions
The Brainstem and Its Functions
The Nervous System and Brain Development
Neurons and Their Role in Development
Synapses and Brain Development
IQ Tests as a Measure of Intelligence
Piaget's Theory: Sensori-Motor Stage
Piaget's Theory: Pre-Operational Stage
Piaget's Theory: Concrete-Operational Stage
Piaget's Theory: Formal Operational Stage
Assimilation and Accommodation
Object Permanence in Cognitive Development
Animism and Egocentrism in Development
Decentration, Reversibility, and Conservation
Criticisms of Piaget's Theory
Piaget's Conservation of Number Study
Dweck's Fixed and Growth Mindsets
Praise for Effort in Dweck's Theory
Criticisms of Dweck's Mindset Theory
Willingham's Myth of Learning Styles
Willingham's Emphasis on Meaning in Learning
Criticisms of Willingham's Learning Theory
Blackwell et al.'s Study on Mindsets
Applying Piaget's Ideas to Education
Key Stages and Readiness in Education
Active Learning and Intelligence Development
Applying Growth Mindsets to Education
Teaching Through Meaning vs. Learning Styles
Unit 3
Psychological Problems
Defining Mental Health
The Mental Health Continuum
Prevalence of Mental Health Problems
Mental Health Statistics by Age and Gender
Changes in Mental Health Classification Over Time
Attitudes Toward Mental Health Since 1959
Effects of Stigma on Individuals
Impact of Discrimination on Mental Health
Effects of Mental Health Problems on Society
Characteristics of Schizophrenia
Prevalence and Recovery Rates of Schizophrenia
The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
Brain Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Criticisms of the Biological Explanation of Schizophrenia
Social Drift Theory of Schizophrenia
Criticisms of the Social Drift Theory
Daniel et al. (1991) Study on Schizophrenia
Characteristics of Clinical Depression
Prevalence and Recovery Rates of Depression
Social Rank Theory of Depression
Criticisms of the Biological Explanation of Depression
ABC Model of Depression
Criticisms of the Psychological Explanation of Depression
Tandoc et al. (2015) Study on Depression
How Antipsychotics Treat Schizophrenia
How Antidepressants Treat Depression
Psychotherapy for Schizophrenia and Depression
Neuropsychological Tests for Mental Health
Brain Imaging Techniques for Mental Health
Reductionism vs. Holism in Mental Health Explanations
Nature vs. Nurture Debate in Mental Health
Freewill vs. Determinism in Mental Health Explanations
Effects of Mental Health Awareness Campaigns
Changing Attitudes Toward Mental Health Stigma
Unit 4
Social Influence
Definition of Conformity
Majority Influence in Conformity
Definition of Obedience
Obeying Authority Figures
Definition of Crowd Behavior
Pro-Social Crowd Behavior
Anti-Social Crowd Behavior
Situational Factors Affecting Conformity
Situational Factors in Crowd Behavior
Situational Factors in Obedience
Criticisms of Situational Factors
Dispositional Factors Affecting Conformity
Self-Esteem and Conformity
Locus of Control in Crowd Behavior
Morality in Pro-Social and Anti-Social Behavior
Authoritarian Personality and Obedience
Criticisms of Dispositional Factors
Bickman’s Study on Uniforms and Obedience
NatCen Study on Tottenham Riots
Free Will vs Determinism Debate in Social Influence
Minority Influence in Social Change
Majority Influence in Social Change
Reducing Mental Health Stigma Through Social Change
Applications of Social Influence in Everyday Life
Unit 5
Memory
Stages of Information Processing
Input, Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, Output
Types of Forgetting: Decay
Types of Forgetting: Displacement
Types of Forgetting: Retrieval Failure
Neurological Damage and Memory Loss
Role of the Hippocampus in Memory
Anterograde Amnesia and the Brain
Retrograde Amnesia and the Frontal Lobe
Procedural Memory and the Cerebellum
The Multi-Store Model of Memory
Sensory Store: Duration and Capacity
Short-Term Memory: Duration and Capacity
Long-Term Memory: Duration and Capacity
Types of Encoding in Memory Stores
Criticisms of the Multi-Store Model
Rehearsal vs. Meaning in Memory
Clive Wearing Case Study
Theory of Reconstructive Memory
Schemas and Memory Formation
Experience and Expectation in Memory
Confabulation and Distortion
Impact of Leading Questions on Memory
Reductionism vs. Holism in Memory Theory
Braun, Ellis, and Loftus Study
Advertising and Memory Recall
Techniques for Memory Recall
Use of Cues in Memory Retrieval
Repetition and Avoiding Overload in Recall
Autobiographical Advertising Techniques
Wechsler Memory Scale Applications
Brain Structures and Memory Processing
Exam Trap: Confusion Between Types of Forgetting
Exam Trap: Misidentifying Brain Structures
Worked Example: Applying Multi-Store Model
Worked Example: Reconstructive Memory in Practice
Unit 6
Sleep and Dreaming
Functions of Sleep
Features of Sleep
Benefits of Sleep
Stages of the Sleep Cycle
Role of the Pineal Gland
Melatonin and Sleep Regulation
Sleep Onset Insomnia
Sleep Maintenance Insomnia
Endogenous Pacemakers in Sleep
Exogenous Zeitgebers in Sleep
Freud’s Theory of Dreaming
The Unconscious Mind in Dreams
Repression and Dreams
Wish Fulfillment in Dreams
Manifest and Latent Content
Criticisms of Freud’s Dream Theory
Freud's Wolfman Case Study
Activation Synthesis Theory of Dreaming
REM Sleep and Dreaming
Neural Activity in the Pons
Synthesis by the Cerebral Cortex
Limbic System and Dreams
Criticisms of Activation Synthesis Theory
Williams et al. Study on Dream Bizarreness
Neurological Damage and Sleep
Hypothalamus Role in Sleep Regulation
Relaxation Techniques for Insomnia
Improving Sleep Hygiene
Healthy Brain and Sleep
Physical Repair During Sleep
Emotional Stability and Sleep
Unit 7
Research Methods
Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Predicting Differences and Correlations
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Co-variables and Measurement
Controlling Extraneous Variables
Repeated Measures Design
Independent Measures Design
Target Populations in Research
Random Sampling Method
Opportunity Sampling Method
Self-selected Sampling Method
Representativeness and Generalisability
Ethical Issues in Research
Informed Consent in Studies
Dealing with Psychological Harm
The Role of Deception in Research
Debriefing Participants
Right to Withdraw from Studies
Maintaining Confidentiality
British Psychological Society Code of Ethics
Laboratory Experiments
Field Experiments
Natural Experiments
Structured Interviews
Unstructured Interviews
Open Questions in Surveys
Closed Questions in Surveys
Using Rating Scales in Questionnaires
Naturalistic Observations
Controlled Observations
Overt and Covert Observations
Participant vs Non-participant Observation
Case Studies in Psychology
Correlations: Positive, Negative, Zero
Quantitative vs Qualitative Data
Primary vs Secondary Data
Mode and Modal Class
Median as a Measure of Central Tendency
Mean as a Measure of Central Tendency
Calculating Range
Using Ratios in Psychology
Percentages in Research Analysis
Fractions in Psychological Data
Expressions in Decimal and Standard Form
Significant Figures in Data Handling
Normal Distributions in Psychology
Estimation from Collected Data
Frequency Tables and Tally Charts
Bar Charts for Data Representation
Pie Charts in Research Analysis
Histograms for Continuous Data
Line Graphs in Psychology
Scatter Diagrams for Correlations
Internal Reliability in Research
External Reliability in Studies
Inter-rater Reliability Explained
Ecological Validity in Experiments
Population Validity in Research
Construct Validity in Psychological Studies
Demand Characteristics in Studies
Observer Effects in Research
Social Desirability Bias
Gender Bias in Psychological Research
Cultural Bias in Studies
Age Bias in Research Sampling
Experimenter Bias in Studies
Observer Bias in Data Collection
Bias in Questioning Techniques
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