Your journey to excellence in
By Revision Genie
Memory
Unit 1
What Encoding, Storage and Retrieval Mean
Episodic Memory
Semantic Memory
Procedural Memory
How Memories Are Encoded
How Memories Are Stored
The Multi-Store Model of Memory
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Coding, Capacity and Duration
Primacy and Recency Effects
Murdock’s Serial Position Curve Study
Memory as an Active Process
Bartlett’s Theory of Reconstructive Memory
Effort After Meaning
Bartlett’s War of the Ghosts Study
Interference and Memory Accuracy
Context and Memory Accuracy
False Memories
Unit 2
Perception
The Difference Between Sensation and Perception
What Depth Cues Do
Height in Plane
Relative Size
Occlusion
Linear Perspective
Retinal Disparity
Convergence
Gibson’s Direct Theory of Perception
Nature and Direct Perception
Motion Parallax
Why Visual Illusions Happen
Ambiguity in Illusions
Misinterpreted Depth Cues
Fiction in Illusions
Size Constancy in Illusions
The Ponzo Illusion
The MĂĽller-Lyer Illusion
Rubin’s Vase
The Ames Room
The Kanizsa Triangle
The Necker Cube
Gregory’s Constructivist Theory of Perception
Nurture and Perception
Perceptual Set
Culture and Perception
Motivation and Perception
Emotion and Perception
Expectation and Perception
Gilchrist and Nesberg’s Study
Bruner and Minturn’s Study
Unit 3
Development
Early Brain Development in the Womb
The Brain Stem in Early Development
The Thalamus in Early Development
The Cerebellum in Early Development
The Cortex in Early Development
Nature and Nurture in Development
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Assimilation
Accommodation
The Sensorimotor Stage
The Pre-Operational Stage
The Concrete Operational Stage
The Formal Operational Stage
Egocentrism in Childhood
The Development of Conservation
Piaget’s Theory in Education
McGarrigle and Donaldson’s Naughty Teddy Study
Hughes’ Policeman Doll Study
Dweck’s Mindset Theory
Fixed Mindset
Growth Mindset
Praise and Learning
Self-Efficacy Beliefs
Learning Styles
Verbalisers and Visualisers
Willingham’s Learning Theory
Willingham’s Criticism of Learning Styles
Unit 4
Research methods
What Makes a Hypothesis Testable
Null Hypotheses
Alternative Hypotheses
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Extraneous Variables
Target Populations and Samples
Random Sampling
Opportunity Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Strengths and Weaknesses of Sampling Methods
Quantitative Methods
Qualitative Methods
The Experimental Method
Independent Groups Design
Repeated Measures Design
Matched Pairs Design
Strengths and Weaknesses of Experimental Designs
Laboratory Experiments
Field Experiments
Natural Experiments
Interviews
Questionnaires
Case Studies
Observation Studies
Behavioural Categories
Interobserver Reliability
Choosing the Right Research Method
Correlations
Scatter Diagrams
Strengths and Weaknesses of Correlations
Standardised Procedures
Instructions to Participants
Randomisation
Allocation to Conditions
Counterbalancing
Controlling Extraneous Variables
Reliability in Research
Validity in Research
Planning Psychological Research
Ethical Issues in Psychological Research
BPS Ethical Guidelines
Dealing with Ethical Issues
Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Primary and Secondary Data
Decimal and Standard Form
Ratios, Fractions and Percentages
Estimating Results
Arithmetic Mean
Mean, Median, Mode and Range
Frequency Tables
Bar Charts
Histograms
Scatter Diagrams in Data Handling
Normal Distribution
Unit 5
Social influence
What Conformity Is
Majority Influence
Group Size and Conformity
Anonymity and Conformity
Task Difficulty and Conformity
Personality and Conformity
Expertise and Conformity
Asch’s Study of Conformity
What Obedience Is
Milgram’s Agency Theory
Agency and Obedience
Authority and Obedience
Culture and Obedience
Proximity and Obedience
Adorno’s Authoritarian Personality
What Prosocial Behaviour Is
Bystander Behaviour
Presence of Others and Helping
Cost of Helping
Similarity to the Victim
Expertise and Helping
Piliavin’s Subway Study
Crowd Behaviour
Collective Behaviour
Prosocial Behaviour in Crowds
Antisocial Behaviour in Crowds
Social Loafing
Deindividuation
Culture and Collective Behaviour
Personality and Collective Behaviour
Morality and Collective Behaviour
Unit 6
Language, thought and communication
The Link Between Language and Thought
Piaget’s View of Language and Thought
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
How Language Can Shape World View
Recall of Events in Different Cultures
Colour Recognition in Different Cultures
What Animal Communication Does
Survival Signals in Animals
Reproduction Signals in Animals
Territory Signals in Animals
Food Signals in Animals
Von Frisch’s Bee Study
Features of Human Communication
Planning Ahead in Human Communication
Talking About Future Events
Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
The Functions of Eye Contact
Eye Contact and Conversation Flow
Eye Contact and Attraction
Eye Contact and Emotion
Open and Closed Posture
Postural Echo
Touch as Communication
Personal Space
Cultural Differences in Personal Space
Status Differences in Personal Space
Gender Differences in Personal Space
Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory of Non-Verbal Communication
Evidence That Non-Verbal Behaviour Is Innate
Neonate Evidence
Sensory Deprivation Evidence
Evidence That Non-Verbal Behaviour Is Learned
Yuki’s Study of Emoticons
Unit 7
Brain and neuropsychology
The Structure of the Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Somatic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
The Fight or Flight Response
The James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Sensory Neurons
Relay Neurons
Motor Neurons
Synaptic Transmission
Neurotransmitter Release
Neurotransmitter Reuptake
Excitation
Inhibition
How Excitation and Inhibition Interact
Hebb’s Theory of Learning
Neuronal Growth
The Frontal Lobe
The Temporal Lobe
The Parietal Lobe
The Occipital Lobe
The Cerebellum
Localisation of Function
The Motor Area
The Somatosensory Area
The Visual Area
The Auditory Area
The Language Area
Penfield’s Study of the Interpretive Cortex
What Cognitive Neuroscience Is
Brain Structure, Cognition and Behaviour
CT Scans
PET Scans
fMRI Scans
Tulving’s Gold Study
Neurological Damage and Motor Abilities
Neurological Damage and Behaviour
Stroke, Injury and the Brain
Unit 8
Psychological problems
What Mental Health Means
Positive Engagement With Society
Coping Effectively With Challenges
Cultural Variations in Beliefs About Mental Health
How Mental Health Problems Change Over Time
Modern Living and Mental Health
Isolation and Mental Health
Recognition and Reduced Stigma
Effects on Relationships
Effects on Daily Life
Effects on Physical Wellbeing
Social Care Pressures
Crime and Mental Health Issues
Economic Effects of Mental Health Problems
Unipolar Depression
Bipolar Depression
Sadness and Depression
ICD Diagnosis of Unipolar Depression
Low Mood
Reduced Energy Levels
Sleep Changes
Appetite Changes
Reduced Self-Confidence
The Biological Explanation of Depression
Neurotransmitters and Depression
Serotonin and Depression
The Psychological Explanation of Depression
Negative Schemas
Negative Attributions
Antidepressant Medication
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
How Depression Treatments Improve Mental Health
Reductionist and Holistic Views of Depression
Wiles’ Study of CBT
Addiction, Dependence, Misuse and Abuse
ICD Diagnosis of Addiction
Strong Desire to Use a Substance
Difficulty Controlling Use
Prioritising the Substance Over Other Activities
The Biological Explanation of Addiction
Hereditary Factors and Genetic Vulnerability
Kaij’s Twin Study of Alcohol Abuse
The Psychological Explanation of Addiction
Peer Influence and Addiction
Aversion Therapy
Self-Management Programmes
Self-Help Groups
Twelve-Step Recovery Programmes
How Addiction Treatments Improve Mental Health
Reductionist and Holistic Views of Addiction
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