Your journey to excellence in
By Revision Genie
Energy
Unit 1
Energy Stores Overview
The Chemical Energy Store
The Kinetic Energy Store
The Gravitational Potential Energy Store
The Elastic Potential Energy Store
The Thermal Energy Store
Energy Transfers Overview
Energy Transfer by Heating
Energy Transfer by Work Done
Energy Transfer by Electrical Work
Energy Conservation Principle
Calculating Kinetic Energy
Calculating Gravitational Potential Energy
Calculating Elastic Potential Energy
Specific Heat Capacity Definition
Calculating Thermal Energy Changes
Specific Heat Capacity Practical
Power as Energy Transfer Rate
Calculating Power
Energy Transfers in Closed Systems
Energy Dissipation and Wasted Energy
Reducing Unwanted Energy Transfers
Thermal Conductivity and Insulation
Thermal Insulation Practical
Efficiency Definition
Calculating Efficiency
Improving Efficiency (HT Only)
Renewable vs Non-Renewable Energy Resources
Energy Resources for Transport
Energy Resources for Electricity Generation
Energy Resources for Heating
Reliability of Energy Resources
Environmental Impact of Energy Resources
Patterns in Energy Resource Usage
Political and Economic Factors in Energy Resource Use
Unit 2
Electricity
Standard Circuit Diagram Symbols
Electric Charge and Current
Charge Flow Equation (Q = I × t)
Current, Resistance, and Potential Difference
Ohm's Law (V = I × R)
Factors Affecting Resistance
Investigating Resistance in Circuits
Ohmic Conductors and Constant Resistance
Filament Lamps and Resistance Changes
Diodes and Current Flow
Thermistors and Temperature Dependence
Light-Dependent Resistors (LDRs)
Series Circuits: Current and Potential Difference
Series Circuits: Total Resistance
Parallel Circuits: Current and Potential Difference
Parallel Circuits: Total Resistance
Direct vs Alternating Current
UK Mains Electricity Specifications
Three-Core Cables and Wiring Colours
Live, Neutral, and Earth Wires
Electrical Power Equations (P = VI, P = I²R)
Energy Transfers in Appliances
Energy Transfer Equations (E = Pt, E = QV)
Power Ratings of Domestic Appliances
The National Grid System
Step-Up and Step-Down Transformers
Static Electricity: Charge Transfer
Forces Between Charged Objects
Electric Fields Around Charged Objects
Electric Field Patterns for Spheres
Non-Contact Forces and Sparking
Unit 3
Particle Model of Matter
The Particle Model Explained
States of Matter: Solids
States of Matter: Liquids
States of Matter: Gases
Density Definition and Formula
Calculating Density for Regular Objects
Determining Density of Irregular Objects
Using Displacement to Measure Volume
Density Differences in States of Matter
Mass Conservation During State Changes
Physical vs Chemical Changes in States
Internal Energy: Definition
Components of Internal Energy
Heating and Its Effect on Internal Energy
Temperature Change and Specific Heat Capacity
Specific Heat Capacity Formula
Calculating Energy Change with Temperature
Changes of State: Energy and Latent Heat
Specific Latent Heat: Definition
Specific Latent Heat of Fusion
Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation
Energy Change Formula for State Changes
Interpreting Heating and Cooling Graphs
Specific Heat Capacity vs Latent Heat
Particle Motion in Gases
Temperature and Kinetic Energy in Gases
Pressure Changes in Gases at Constant Volume
Pressure in Gases: Particle Model
Pressure-Volume Relationship Formula
Calculating Pressure or Volume Changes
Effects of Volume Changes on Gas Pressure
Work Done on Gases and Temperature Increase
Example: Bicycle Pump and Gas Work
Unit 4
Atomic Structure
The Structure of an Atom
Radius of an Atom and Nucleus
Electron Energy Levels
Mass Number and Atomic Number
Definition of Isotopes
Formation of Ions
The Plum Pudding Model
The Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment
The Nuclear Model of the Atom
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
Discovery of the Proton
Chadwick’s Discovery of the Neutron
Radioactive Decay Process
Definition of Activity and Count Rate
Alpha Particles: Properties and Penetration
Beta Particles: Properties and Penetration
Gamma Rays: Properties and Penetration
Neutrons: Properties and Penetration
Uses of Radiation in Practical Applications
Writing Nuclear Equations for Alpha Decay
Writing Nuclear Equations for Beta Decay
Gamma Ray Emission and Nuclear Change
Definition of Half-Life
Determining Half-Life from Data
Net Decline in Radioactive Emissions (HT)
Radioactive Contamination vs Irradiation
Precautions for Handling Radioactive Sources
Background Radiation Sources
Radiation Dose Units and Measurement
Impact of Half-Life on Hazards
Medical Uses of Nuclear Radiation
Evaluating Risks of Nuclear Radiation
Nuclear Fission Process
Chain Reactions in Nuclear Fission
Controlled vs Uncontrolled Chain Reactions
Nuclear Fusion Process
Mass to Energy Conversion in Fusion
Unit 5
Forces
Scalar Quantities
Vector Quantities
Representing Vectors with Arrows
Contact Forces
Non-Contact Forces
Examples of Contact Forces
Examples of Non-Contact Forces
Definition of Gravity
Weight and Gravitational Field Strength
Calculating Weight Using W = mg
Centre of Mass
Proportionality of Weight and Mass
Using a Newtonmeter to Measure Weight
Resultant Forces
Free Body Diagrams
Balanced Forces and Zero Resultant Force
Resolving Forces into Components
Vector Diagrams for Forces
Work Done by a Force
Calculating Work Done Using W = Fs
Energy Transfer When Work is Done
Converting Newton-Metres to Joules
Work Done Against Friction and Temperature Rise
Forces in Stretching, Bending, and Compressing
Elastic and Inelastic Deformation
Hooke's Law: F = ke
Linear vs Non-Linear Force-Extension Relationships
Calculating Spring Constant
Elastic Potential Energy: Ee = 1/2ke²
Investigating Force and Extension for Springs
Moments and Rotational Effects of Forces
Calculating Moments Using M = Fd
Balanced Moments and Rotation
Levers and Gears in Force Transmission
Pressure in Fluids: p = F/A
Pressure in Liquids: p = hρg
Upthrust and Floating
Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude
Distance vs Displacement
Speed as a Scalar Quantity
Typical Speeds for Walking, Running, and Cycling
Calculating Speed Using s = vt
Measuring Distance and Time for Speed Calculations
Using Ratios and Proportional Reasoning in Motion
Acceleration: Change in Velocity Over Time
Calculating Acceleration Using a = Δv/t
Interpreting Distance-Time Graphs
Interpreting Velocity-Time Graphs
Calculating Distance from Velocity-Time Graphs
Exam Trap: Confusing Velocity and Speed
Unit 6
Waves
What is a Wave?
Transverse Waves
Longitudinal Waves
Wave Properties: Amplitude
Wave Properties: Wavelength
Wave Properties: Frequency
Wave Properties: Period
Wave Speed Formula
Using the Wave Equation
Measuring Waves in a Ripple Tank
Reflection of Waves
Refraction of Waves
Diffraction of Waves
Sound Waves: Properties
Speed of Sound in Air
How Sound Travels Through Media
Ultrasound Applications
Seismic Waves
Electromagnetic Waves Overview
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
Uses of Radio Waves
Uses of Microwaves
Uses of Infrared Radiation
Uses of Visible Light
Uses of Ultraviolet Radiation
Uses of X-Rays
Uses of Gamma Rays
Dangers of Electromagnetic Waves
Reflection of Light: Plane Mirrors
Refraction of Light: Lenses
Convex and Concave Lenses
Magnification Formula
The Colour Spectrum
Black Body Radiation
Emission and Absorption of Infrared
Required Practical: Measuring Wave Speed
Required Practical: Reflection and Refraction
Required Practical: Investigating Sound Waves
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Wave Diagrams
Exam Trap: Confusing Wave Types
Exam Trap: Incorrect Use of the Wave Equation
Unit 7
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Magnetic Materials and Properties
The Earth's Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field Patterns Around a Bar Magnet
Drawing Magnetic Field Lines
Magnetic Field Strength and Distance
The Right-Hand Rule for Current-Carrying Wires
Magnetic Field Around a Straight Wire
Magnetic Field in a Solenoid
Factors Affecting Magnetic Field Strength in a Solenoid
Electromagnets and Their Applications
Advantages of Electromagnets Over Permanent Magnets
The Motor Effect
Force on a Current-Carrying Wire in a Magnetic Field
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule
Calculating the Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
Applications of the Motor Effect
The Electric Motor and How It Works
The Role of the Split-Ring Commutator in Motors
Electromagnetic Induction Basics
Induced Potential Difference in a Moving Conductor
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Lenz’s Law and Its Explanation
Factors Affecting Induced Potential Difference
The Generator Effect
Alternating Current (AC) Generation
Direct Current (DC) Generation
Transformers and Their Uses
Structure of a Transformer
How Transformers Work
The Transformer Equation
Efficiency of Transformers
The National Grid and Transformers
Eddy Currents and Transformer Design
Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density
Calculating Magnetic Flux
The Role of Magnetic Materials in Electromagnetic Devices
Electromagnetic Applications in Everyday Life
Practical: Investigating Magnetic Fields Around Wires
Practical: Investigating Electromagnetic Induction
Common Exam Traps in Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Interpreting Magnetic Field Diagrams in Exams
Using Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule in Problem Solving
Exam Practice: Calculating Transformer Efficiency
Exam Practice: Solving Generator Effect Problems
Exam Practice: Applying Faraday’s and Lenz’s Laws
Exam Practice: The Motor Effect and Force Calculations
Exam Practice: Magnetic Flux and Flux Density Problems
Unit 8
Space Physics
Overview of Space Physics
The Solar System Structure
The Sun and Its Role
Planets in the Solar System
Moons and Natural Satellites
Asteroids and Comets
Orbital Motion Principles
Gravitational Forces in Orbits
Geostationary Satellites
Low Earth Orbit Satellites
The Life Cycle of Stars
Formation of Stars from Nebulae
Main Sequence Stars
Red Giants and Supergiants
Supernovae and Their Effects
Formation of Neutron Stars
Black Holes Formation
White Dwarfs and Planetary Nebulae
Nuclear Fusion in Stars
Energy Production in Stars
The Expanding Universe Concept
Red-Shift Phenomenon
Evidence for Universe Expansion
The Big Bang Theory
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Future Predictions for the Universe
Hubble's Law and Galactic Movement
The Doppler Effect in Astronomy
Measuring Distances in Space
Formation of Solar Systems
Star Clusters and Galaxies
The Milky Way Galaxy
Exoplanets and Their Discovery
The Role of Telescopes in Space Exploration
Space Exploration Technologies
The International Space Station
The Role of Space Agencies
Impact of Space Exploration on Earth
Challenges of Space Travel
The Search for Extraterrestrial Life
The Drake Equation
The Fermi Paradox
The Role of Gravity in the Universe
Formation of Black Holes
The Role of Supernovae in Element Formation
How the Sun Will Evolve
The Role of Gravity in Star Formation
How Stars Maintain Stability
The Role of Red-Shift in Understanding the Universe
The Expanding Universe and Its Implications
Unit 9
Key Ideas
The Scientific Method
Development of Scientific Theories
Models in Physics
Limitations of Science
Ethical Issues in Physics
Applications of Physics in Technology
Evaluating Risks in Science
Peer Review in Science
Hypotheses and Predictions
Planning Experiments
Variables in Experiments
Selecting Apparatus and Techniques
Carrying Out Experiments Safely
Sampling Techniques in Physics
Recording Observations and Measurements
Improving Experimental Methods
Presenting Data in Physics
Translating Data Between Forms
Mathematical Analysis of Data
Uncertainty in Measurements
Patterns and Trends in Data
Relating Data to Hypotheses
Evaluating Data Accuracy and Precision
Communicating Scientific Findings
Using Scientific Vocabulary
Scientific Quantities and Units
SI Units in Physics
Prefixes and Powers of Ten
Converting Units in Physics
Significant Figures in Calculations
physics but specifially energy - like the stores, tranasfers and all of that. the whole subtopic
forces, work done, spped
forces