Edexcel · GCSE
Your journey to excellence inChemistry
By Revision Genie
I want to study…
Start learning
Start with the first Chemistry lesson.
The Dalton Model of the Atom
1The Dalton Model of the AtomRead next2Structure of the AtomRead next3Relative Charge and Mass of Subatomic ParticlesRead next4Why Atoms Are NeutralRead next5Size and Mass of the NucleusRead next6Mass Number of an AtomRead next7Unique Number of Protons in ElementsRead next8Isotopes and Their DefinitionRead next9Calculating Numbers of Subatomic ParticlesRead next10Relative Atomic Mass and IsotopesRead next11Calculating Relative Atomic MassRead next12Mendeleev's Arrangement of the Periodic TableRead next13Predictions by Mendeleev's TableRead next14Atomic Number and Periodic Table PositionRead next15Periods and Groups in the Periodic TableRead next16Metals and Non-Metals in the Periodic TableRead next17Electronic Configurations of ElementsRead next18Electronic Configuration and Periodic Table PositionRead next19Formation of Ionic BondsRead next20Definition of an IonRead next21Calculating Subatomic Particles in IonsRead next22Formation of Ions in Ionic CompoundsRead next23Naming Ionic Compounds: -ide and -ateRead next24Deduction of Ionic Compound FormulaeRead next25Structure of Ionic CompoundsRead next26Formation of Covalent BondsRead next27Covalent Bonds and MoleculesRead next28Size of Atoms and MoleculesRead next29Dot-and-Cross Diagrams for Covalent BondsRead next30Classification of Substances by Bonding TypeRead next31Properties of Ionic CompoundsRead next32Properties of Simple Molecular CompoundsRead next33Graphite and Diamond as Giant Covalent SubstancesRead next34Structure of Graphite and DiamondRead next35Uses of Graphite and DiamondRead next36Properties of Fullerenes and GrapheneRead next37Structure and Properties of PolymersRead next38Properties of MetalsRead next39Limitations of Bonding ModelsRead next40Metals vs Non-Metals: Physical PropertiesRead next41Relative Formula Mass CalculationRead next42Percentage by Mass CalculationRead next43Empirical Formula from Reacting MassesRead next44Determining Empirical Formula ExperimentallyRead next45Law of Conservation of Mass in ReactionsRead next46Mass Calculations in Chemical ReactionsRead next47Concentration of Solutions in g dm–3Read next48Definition of a Mole and Avogadro ConstantRead next49Mole Calculations for Mass and ParticlesRead next50Reactant Mass and Product YieldRead next51Stoichiometry from Reactant and Product MassesRead next
Particle Arrangement in Solids
1Particle Arrangement in SolidsRead next2Particle Arrangement in LiquidsRead next3Particle Arrangement in GasesRead next4Physical Changes Between StatesRead next5Energy Changes During State TransitionsRead next6Interconversion Names: Melting, FreezingRead next7Interconversion Names: Boiling, CondensationRead next8Interconversion Names: Sublimation, DepositionRead next9Predicting Physical States Using DataRead next10Pure Substances vs MixturesRead next11Melting Point and PurityRead next12Properties of Mixtures and Separation TechniquesRead next13Simple Distillation ProcessRead next14Fractional Distillation ProcessRead next15Filtration TechniqueRead next16Crystallisation TechniqueRead next17Paper Chromatography TechniqueRead next18Mobile and Stationary Phases in ChromatographyRead next19Interpreting Paper ChromatogramsRead next20Identifying Substances via Rf ValuesRead next21Core Practical: Composition of InksRead next22Making Water Potable: Sedimentation and FiltrationRead next23Making Water Potable: ChlorinationRead next24Making Sea Water Potable via DistillationRead next25Water Purity for Chemical AnalysisRead next
Definition of Acids and Alkalis
1Definition of Acids and AlkalisRead next2pH Scale and Neutral SolutionsRead next3Indicators and pH ChangesRead next4Hydrogen Ion Concentration and pHRead next5Effect of Hydrogen Ion Concentration on pHRead next6Dilute vs Concentrated SolutionsRead next7Weak vs Strong AcidsRead next8Definition of Bases and AlkalisRead next9General Acid Reactions with MetalsRead next10General Acid Reactions with Metal OxidesRead next11General Acid Reactions with Metal HydroxidesRead next12General Acid Reactions with Metal CarbonatesRead next13Chemical Test for HydrogenRead next14Chemical Test for Carbon DioxideRead next15Neutralisation ReactionsRead next16Acid-Alkali Neutralisation ReactionRead next17Preparing Soluble Salts from Insoluble ReactantsRead next18Preparing Soluble Salts from Soluble ReactantsRead next19Core Practical: Preparing Copper Sulfate CrystalsRead next20Acid-Alkali Titration ProcedureRead next21Solubility Rules for Common SubstancesRead next22Predicting Precipitates Using Solubility RulesRead next23Preparation of Insoluble SaltsRead next24Definition of ElectrolytesRead next25Electrolysis Process and Ionic MovementRead next26Electrolysis Products with Inert ElectrodesRead next27Electrolysis Products of Molten Binary CompoundsRead next28Half Equations in ElectrolysisRead next29Oxidation and Reduction in ElectrolysisRead next30Electrolysis of Copper Sulfate SolutionRead next31Core Practical: Electrolysis of Copper SulfateRead next
Reactivity of Metals with Water
1Reactivity of Metals with WaterRead next2Reactivity of Metals with AcidsRead next3Reactivity of Metals with Salt SolutionsRead next4Understanding Displacement ReactionsRead next5Displacement Reactions as Redox ReactionsRead next6The Reactivity Series of MetalsRead next7Unreactive Metals in the Earth's CrustRead next8Oxidation as Gain of OxygenRead next9Reduction as Loss of OxygenRead next10Extraction of Metals by Heating with CarbonRead next11Extraction of Metals by ElectrolysisRead next12Evaluating Biological Methods of Metal ExtractionRead next13Resistance to Oxidation and Metal ReactivityRead next14Advantages of Recycling MetalsRead next15Economic and Environmental Benefits of RecyclingRead next16What is a Life-Cycle Assessment?Read next17Stages of a Life-Cycle AssessmentRead next18Evaluating Data from Life-Cycle AssessmentsRead next19Reversible Reactions and the ⇌ SymbolRead next20Understanding Dynamic EquilibriumRead next21The Haber Process as a Reversible ReactionRead next22Conditions for the Haber ProcessRead next23Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium PositionRead next24Effect of Pressure on Equilibrium PositionRead next25Effect of Concentration on Equilibrium PositionRead next
Properties of Transition Metals
1Properties of Transition MetalsRead next2Formation of Coloured CompoundsRead next3Catalytic Activity of Transition MetalsRead next4High Melting Points of Transition MetalsRead next5High Density of Transition MetalsRead next6Definition and Causes of CorrosionRead next7Rusting of IronRead next8Preventing Rust: Exclusion of OxygenRead next9Preventing Rust: Exclusion of WaterRead next10Sacrificial Protection Against RustRead next11Electroplating to Prevent CorrosionRead next12Definition and Formation of AlloysRead next13Increased Strength of AlloysRead next14Uses of Alloy SteelsRead next15Properties and Uses of AluminiumRead next16Properties and Uses of CopperRead next17Properties and Uses of Gold and Its AlloysRead next18Properties and Uses of MagnaliumRead next19Properties and Uses of BrassRead next20Concentration in mol/dm³Read next21Converting Between g/dm³ and mol/dm³Read next22Core Practical: Acid-Alkali TitrationRead next23Calculations from Titration ResultsRead next24Percentage Yield CalculationRead next25Reasons for Actual Yield Being Less Than Theoretical YieldRead next26Definition and Importance of Atom EconomyRead next27Calculating Atom EconomyRead next28Choosing Reaction Pathways Based on Atom EconomyRead next29Molar Volume of Gases at Room Temperature and PressureRead next30Using Molar Volume in CalculationsRead next31Using Avogadro’s Law in Gas Volume CalculationsRead next32Haber Process as a Reversible ReactionRead next33Conditions for the Haber ProcessRead next34Effect of Temperature on Dynamic EquilibriumRead next35Effect of Pressure on Dynamic EquilibriumRead next36Effect of Concentration on Dynamic EquilibriumRead next37Use of Catalysts in Industrial ReactionsRead next38Ammonia as a Fertiliser ComponentRead next39Reaction of Ammonia with Nitric AcidRead next40Small-Scale Production of Ammonium SulfateRead next41Industrial Production of Ammonium SulfateRead next42Chemical Cells and Voltage ProductionRead next43Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel CellsRead next44Advantages of Fuel CellsRead next45Disadvantages of Fuel CellsRead next
Introduction to Groups in the Periodic Table
1Introduction to Groups in the Periodic TableRead next2The Periodic Table and Group ClassificationRead next3Properties of Group 1 ElementsRead next4Physical Properties of Alkali MetalsRead next5Reactions of Lithium with WaterRead next6Reactions of Sodium with WaterRead next7Reactions of Potassium with WaterRead next8Trends in Reactivity of Group 1 MetalsRead next9Explaining Group 1 Reactivity TrendsRead next10Properties of Group 7 ElementsRead next11Physical States and Colors of HalogensRead next12Reactions of Halogens with MetalsRead next13Formation of Hydrogen HalidesRead next14Testing for Chlorine GasRead next15Displacement Reactions of HalogensRead next16Explaining Halogen Reactivity TrendsRead next17Redox Reactions in Halogen DisplacementRead next18Properties of Group 0 ElementsRead next19Chemical Inertness of Noble GasesRead next20Uses of Noble Gases Based on PropertiesRead next21Trends in Physical Properties of Noble GasesRead next22Predicting Properties of Alkali MetalsRead next23Predicting Properties of HalogensRead next24Predicting Properties of Noble GasesRead next25Core Practical: Displacement Reactions of HalogensRead next26Examining Patterns Across Groups 1, 7, and 0Read next27Common Exam Mistakes in Group 1 QuestionsRead next28Common Exam Mistakes in Group 7 QuestionsRead next29Common Exam Mistakes in Group 0 QuestionsRead next30Comparing Reactivity Across Groups 1 and 7Read next31Explaining Reactivity in Terms of Electron ConfigurationRead next32Identifying Unknown Group 1 ElementsRead next33Identifying Unknown Group 7 ElementsRead next34Identifying Unknown Group 0 ElementsRead next35The Role of Group 0 Elements in Everyday ApplicationsRead next36Environmental Impacts of Group 1 and 7 ElementsRead next37Historical Discovery of Group TrendsRead next38Predicting Reactions of Unknown HalogensRead next39Explaining Trends in Melting and Boiling PointsRead next40Core Practical Analysis: Observing Halogen ReactionsRead next41Examining Exceptions in Group TrendsRead next42Linking Periodic Table Position to ReactivityRead next43Exploring the Role of Noble Gases in TechnologyRead next44Understanding Group 1 Metals in Everyday LifeRead next45Safety Precautions with Group 1 MetalsRead next46Environmental and Industrial Uses of HalogensRead next47Predicting the Behavior of AstatineRead next48Understanding the Trends in Atomic Radius Across GroupsRead next49Using Data to Predict Properties of Group ElementsRead next
Defining Reaction Rate
1Defining Reaction RateRead next2Measuring Reaction Rates Using Gas ProductionRead next3Measuring Reaction Rates Using Colour ChangeRead next4Collision Theory and Reaction RatesRead next5Effect of Temperature on Reaction RateRead next6Effect of Concentration on Reaction RateRead next7Effect of Surface Area on Reaction RateRead next8Effect of Pressure on Reaction RateRead next9Graphing Reaction RatesRead next10Interpreting Reaction Rate GraphsRead next11Calculating Gradients for Reaction RatesRead next12Understanding CatalystsRead next13How Catalysts Lower Activation EnergyRead next14Biological Catalysts: EnzymesRead next15Core Practical: Investigating Reaction Rates with Gas ProductionRead next16Core Practical: Investigating Reaction Rates with Colour ChangeRead next17Defining Exothermic and Endothermic ReactionsRead next18Examples of Exothermic and Endothermic ReactionsRead next19Energy Changes in Salt DissolvingRead next20Energy Changes in Neutralisation ReactionsRead next21Energy Changes in Displacement ReactionsRead next22Energy Changes in Precipitation ReactionsRead next23Bond Breaking as EndothermicRead next24Bond Making as ExothermicRead next25Overall Energy Changes in ReactionsRead next26Calculating Energy Changes from Bond EnergiesRead next27Defining Activation EnergyRead next28Drawing Reaction Profiles for Exothermic ReactionsRead next29Drawing Reaction Profiles for Endothermic ReactionsRead next30Labelling Activation Energy on Reaction ProfilesRead next31Core Practical: Measuring Temperature Changes in ReactionsRead next32Temperature Changes in Salt DissolvingRead next33Temperature Changes in Neutralisation ReactionsRead next34Temperature Changes in Displacement ReactionsRead next35Temperature Changes in Precipitation ReactionsRead next36Factors Affecting Rate of Attainment of EquilibriumRead next
What Are Hydrocarbons?
1What Are Hydrocarbons?Read next2Structure of HydrocarbonsRead next3What Is Crude Oil?Read next4Formation of Crude OilRead next5Fractional Distillation ProcessRead next6Fractions of Crude OilRead next7Properties of Hydrocarbon FractionsRead next8Uses of Hydrocarbon FractionsRead next9What Is an Homologous Series?Read next10Characteristics of AlkanesRead next11Complete Combustion of HydrocarbonsRead next12Incomplete Combustion of HydrocarbonsRead next13Dangers of Carbon MonoxideRead next14Formation and Effects of SootRead next15Sulfur Impurities in FuelsRead next16Formation of Acid RainRead next17Nitrogen Oxides as PollutantsRead next18Hydrogen as a Fuel: Pros and ConsRead next19What Is Cracking?Read next20Why Is Cracking Necessary?Read next21Products of CrackingRead next22Core Practical: Cracking of HydrocarbonsRead next23The Earth's Early AtmosphereRead next24Volcanic Activity and Atmospheric GasesRead next25Formation of OceansRead next26Reduction of Carbon Dioxide in OceansRead next27Photosynthesis and Oxygen IncreaseRead next28Chemical Test for OxygenRead next29Composition of Today’s AtmosphereRead next30The Greenhouse Effect ExplainedRead next31Human Activities and Climate ChangeRead next32Evidence for Climate ChangeRead next33Potential Effects of Climate ChangeRead next34Mitigating Climate ChangeRead next35Core Practical: Investigating Atmospheric OxygenRead next36Core Practical: Fractional Distillation of Crude OilRead next37Core Practical: Combustion Products of HydrocarbonsRead next38Core Practical: Investigating Hydrocarbon PropertiesRead next
Flame Tests for Metal Ions
1Flame Tests for Metal IonsRead next2Testing for Ammonium IonsRead next3Testing for Carbonate IonsRead next4Testing for Sulfate IonsRead next5Testing for Halide IonsRead next6Core Practical: Identifying Ions in Unknown SaltsRead next7Interpreting Flame Photometer DataRead next8Alkanes: Formulae and StructureRead next9Saturated Hydrocarbons and AlkanesRead next10Alkenes: Formulae and StructureRead next11Unsaturated Hydrocarbons and AlkenesRead next12Addition Reactions of AlkenesRead next13Testing for Unsaturation with Bromine WaterRead next14Complete Combustion of HydrocarbonsRead next15Introduction to PolymersRead next16Addition Polymerisation of EtheneRead next17Other Addition Polymers: PVC and PTFERead next18Deduce Monomers from PolymersRead next19Properties and Uses of PolymersRead next20Condensation Polymerisation and PolyestersRead next21Environmental Issues with PolymersRead next22Recycling Polymers: Pros and ConsRead next23Biological Polymers: DNA, Starch, and ProteinsRead next24Alcohols: Formulae and StructureRead next25Properties and Reactions of AlcoholsRead next26Core Practical: Combustion of AlcoholsRead next27Carboxylic Acids: Formulae and StructureRead next28Properties and Reactions of Carboxylic AcidsRead next29Oxidation of Alcohols to Carboxylic AcidsRead next30Fermentation to Produce EthanolRead next31Fractional Distillation of EthanolRead next32Nanoparticles: Size and ScaleRead next33Surface Area to Volume Ratio of NanoparticlesRead next34Applications of NanoparticlesRead next35Risks Associated with NanoparticlesRead next36Properties of Glass and CeramicsRead next37Properties of Polymers, Composites, and MetalsRead next38Selecting Materials for Specific UsesRead next
Scientific models: what they are and why we use them
1Scientific models: what they are and why we use themRead next2Memorising common element symbols and simple formulaeRead next3How the Dalton model changed with new discoveriesRead next4Particle model: solids, liquids and gasesRead next5Acids and alkalis as H+ and OH– sourcesRead next6Reactivity of metals from reactions with water, acids and salt solutionsRead next7Transition metals: typical properties (density, mp, coloured compounds, catalysis)Read next8Locating group 1, group 7 and group 0 from periodic table positionRead next9What “rate of reaction” means in real experimentsRead next10Hydrocarbons as compounds of only hydrogen and carbonRead next11Why each ion test must be uniqueRead next12Developing hypotheses from scientific ideasRead next13Writing formulae for common ionsRead next14Inside the atom: protons, neutrons and electronsRead next15Naming changes of state (melting, boiling, condensing, freezing, sublimation)Read next16The pH scale and what pH 7 meansRead next17Displacement reactions as redox (electron transfer)Read next18Corrosion as oxidation of metalsRead next19Group 1 properties: soft and low melting pointsRead next20Core practical: rate using gas volume (marble chips + acid) (Pearson Qualifications)Read next21Crude oil as a complex mixture of hydrocarbonsRead next22Flame tests: identifying Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cu2+Read next23Variables: independent, dependent and controlRead next24Turning word equations into symbol equationsRead next25Relative charge and relative mass of subatomic particlesRead next26Explaining changes of state using energy and particle movementRead next27Indicators: litmus, methyl orange, phenolphthaleinRead next28The reactivity series (including carbon and hydrogen reference points)Read next29Preventing rust: exclude oxygen, exclude water, sacrificial protectionRead next30Group 1 reactions with water (Li, Na, K): observations and productsRead next31Core practical: rate using disappearing cross (thiosulfate + acid) (Pearson Qualifications)Read next32Crude oil as a finite resource and why that mattersRead next33Cation tests with sodium hydroxide: Al3+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, NH4+Read next34Writing a clear, testable predictionRead next35Balancing symbol equations step-by-stepRead next36Why atoms have equal numbers of protons and electronsRead next37Using data to predict state at given conditionsRead next38pH and ion concentration (10× rule)Read next39Metals in ores vs native metals (uncombined elements)Read next40Electroplating: why and how it improves appearance/corrosion resistanceRead next41Group 1 reactivity trend down the groupRead next42Drawing and interpreting rate graphs (steeper = faster)Read next43Fractional distillation of crude oil: how separation worksRead next44Test for ammonia gasRead next45Planning a method: accuracy, precision and rangeRead next46State symbols: solid, liquid, gas and aqueousRead next47Atomic number and mass numberRead next48“Pure” in chemistry vs everyday “pure”Read next49Core practical: tracking pH during neutralisation (Ca(OH)2/CaO) (Pearson Qualifications)Read next50Oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen gain/lossRead next51Alloys: why mixing metals changes propertiesRead next52Explaining group 1 trend using electron configurationRead next53Calculating rate from gradients and time dataRead next54Fractions and their uses (gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, bitumen)Read next55Carbonate test: acid then CO2 confirmationRead next56Risk assessments: hazards, risks and control measuresRead next57Writing ionic equations from full equationsRead next58Isotopes and why they existRead next59Pure substances vs mixtures: key differencesRead next60Concentrated vs dilute (amount of solute)Read next61Extraction as reduction of oresRead next62Why steel is an alloy (and why pure iron is limited)Read next63Group 7 colours and states (Cl2, Br2, I2)Read next64Collision theory: why reactions happenRead next65Why fraction properties change with chain length (bp, viscosity, ignition)Read next66Sulfate test: acid then barium chlorideRead next67Choosing apparatus for accuracy (pipettes, burettes, balances)Read next68Identifying common hazard symbolsRead next69Calculating protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ionsRead next70Melting point range vs sharp melting point (purity)Read next71Strong vs weak acids (degree of dissociation)Read next72Carbon reduction vs electrolysis: choosing a method (cost + reactivity)Read next73Linking metal uses to properties (Al, Cu, Au; magnalium, brass)Read next74Group 7 physical trends down the groupRead next75Effect of concentration on rate (collision frequency)Read next76Homologous series: definition and CH2 patternRead next77Halide tests: nitric acid then silver nitrate (Cl–, Br–, I–)Read next78Recording results in tables with headings and unitsRead next79Matching hazard symbols to lab precautionsRead next80Relative atomic mass from isotope abundance dataRead next81Simple distillation: when and why it worksRead next82Bases vs alkalis (soluble base)Read next83Iron extraction idea (meaning of “reduction by carbon”)Read next84Concentration in mol/dm³: calculating from moles and volumeRead next85Test for chlorine gasRead next86Effect of temperature on rate (collision energy and activation energy)Read next87Complete combustion of hydrocarbons (products + energy)Read next88Core practical: identifying ions in unknown salts (Pearson Qualifications)Read next89Drawing graphs: choosing scales and plotting pointsRead next90Evaluating risk in a practical method and improving safety (Pearson Qualifications)Read next91Mendeleev’s periodic table: evidence and predictionsRead next92Fractional distillation: separating liquids with different boiling pointsRead next93Acids reacting with metals: products and observationsRead next94Aluminium extraction by electrolysis (why it’s expensive)Read next95Converting between g/dm³ and mol/dm³Read next96Halogens reacting with metals to form metal halidesRead next97Effect of surface area on rate (exposed particles)Read next98Incomplete combustion: carbon monoxide and sootRead next99Using test results to deduce the ions presentRead next100Using lines of best fit and interpreting trendsRead next101Periods and groups: what the table showsRead next102Filtration: separating insoluble solids from liquidsRead next103Acids reacting with metal oxides/hydroxides: neutralisation to saltsRead next104Bioleaching and phytoextraction (why they’re alternatives)Read next105Core practical: acid–alkali titration (apparatus, method, endpoint) (Pearson Qualifications)Read next106Hydrogen halides and acidic solutions (pattern down the group)Read next107Catalysts: lowering activation energyRead next108Why carbon monoxide is toxicRead next109Instrumental methods: why they can be faster/more accurateRead next110Reliability: repeats, means and anomaliesRead next111Metals vs non-metals from position and structureRead next112Crystallisation: making a soluble salt from solutionRead next113Acids reacting with carbonates: CO2 productionRead next114Corrosion resistance and reactivity series linksRead next115Titration calculations: finding unknown concentration or volumeRead next116Halogen displacement reactions with halide ionsRead next117Enzymes as biological catalysts (basic idea)Read next118Problems from incomplete combustion in appliancesRead next119Flame photometry: calibration curve to find concentrationRead next120Uncertainty: resolution, range and systematic vs random errorRead next121Electronic configuration for the first 20 elements (shell model)Read next122Paper chromatography: stationary and mobile phaseRead next123Gas tests: hydrogen (pop) and carbon dioxide (limewater)Read next124Recycling metals: environmental and economic benefitsRead next125Percentage yield: actual vs theoreticalRead next126Using displacement to order halogen reactivity (including astatine)Read next127Exothermic vs endothermic reactions (energy out vs in)Read next128Sulfur impurities and sulfur dioxide formationRead next129Flame photometry: identifying ions from reference resultsRead next130Evaluating a method and suggesting improvementsRead next131Linking electron configuration to group and periodRead next132Interpreting chromatograms for purity and identityRead next133Neutralisation as acid + baseRead next134Life cycle assessment: raw materials → manufacture → use → disposalRead next135Why yield is usually <100% (incomplete, losses, side reactions)Read next136Displacement as redox: identifying what’s oxidised and reducedRead next137Reaction profiles: reading energy diagramsRead next138Acid rain from sulfur dioxide: impactsRead next139Drawing and naming alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, butane)Read next140Using SI units, prefixes and standard formRead next141Forming ions by electron transfer (dot-and-cross)Read next142Calculating and using Rf valuesRead next143Neutralisation at particle level: H+ + OH– → H2ORead next144Interpreting LCA data to make a judgementRead next145Atom economy: what it means for sustainabilityRead next146Explaining group 7 reactivity trend using electron configurationRead next147Activation energy on reaction profilesRead next148Nitrogen oxides from high-temperature enginesRead next149Why alkanes are saturatedRead next150Significant figures in practical calculationsRead next151Naming ionic compounds: -ide vs -ateRead next152Core practical: inks by chromatography and simple distillation (Pearson Qualifications)Read next153Making soluble salts using an insoluble reactant (excess, filter, crystallise)Read next154Reversible reactions and the ⇌ symbolRead next155Calculating atom economy from equationsRead next156Why noble gases are inert (full outer shell)Read next157Bond breaking vs bond making and energy changesRead next158Hydrogen vs petrol as a car fuel (advantages and disadvantages)Read next159Drawing and naming alkenes (ethene, propene, butenes)Read next160Required practical sign-off: what must be recorded and why (Pearson Qualifications)Read next161Writing ionic formulae from ion chargesRead next162Choosing the best separation method from substance propertiesRead next163Making soluble salts using a soluble reactant (titration needed)Read next164Dynamic equilibrium: forward rate = reverse rateRead next165Choosing pathways using yield, atom economy, rate, equilibrium, by-productsRead next166Uses of noble gases from inertness, low density and non-flammabilityRead next167Calculating overall energy change using bond energiesRead next168Fossil fuels: petrol/kerosene/diesel from crude oil; methane from natural gasRead next169Why alkenes are unsaturated and the C=C functional groupRead next170Ionic lattices and why ionic compounds have high melting pointsRead next171Making water potable: sedimentation, filtration and chlorinationRead next172Core practical: preparing hydrated copper sulfate crystals (water bath) (Pearson Qualifications)Read next173Ammonia formation as a reversible reaction (Haber overview)Read next174Molar volume at r.t.p. (24 dm³ per mole) and what it meansRead next175Trends in noble gas physical properties down the group (Pearson Qualifications)Read next176Using profiles to compare catalysed vs uncatalysed reactions (Pearson Qualifications)Read next177Cracking: turning long alkanes into shorter alkanes and alkenesRead next178Addition reaction: alkene + bromine (structures of reactants/products)Read next179When ionic substances conduct electricity (solid vs molten vs aqueous)Read next180Distillation to make seawater potableRead next181Titration method to make a pure dry salt (overview)Read next182Haber process conditions: temperature, pressure, catalyst (Pearson Qualifications)Read next183Using molar volume in reacting-mass calculationsRead next184Why cracking is needed (demand for fuels and feedstock)Read next185Bromine water test for unsaturation (alkenes vs alkanes)Read next186Covalent bonds as shared pairs of electronsRead next187Why water used in analysis must be salt-free (Pearson Qualifications)Read next188Solubility rules for common saltsRead next189Predicting equilibrium shifts (temperature, pressure, concentration) (Pearson Qualifications)Read next190Avogadro’s law: using mole ratios to compare gas volumesRead next191Earth’s early atmosphere from volcanic gasesRead next192Combustion of alkanes and alkenes as oxidationRead next193Dot-and-cross for key molecules (H2, HCl, H2O, CH4, O2, CO2)Read next194Predicting precipitates from solubility rulesRead next195Haber process revisited: equilibrium as a dynamic processRead next196Early atmosphere evidence (little O2, lots CO2, water vapour)Read next197What polymers are (repeating units, high Mr)Read next198Intermolecular forces and why simple molecules have low boiling pointsRead next199Making an insoluble salt by precipitation (filter, wash, dry)Read next200Conditions affecting rate of reaching equilibrium (T, P, concentration, catalyst)Read next201Ocean formation by condensation of water vapourRead next202Making poly(ethene) from ethene (addition polymerisation)Read next203Diamond vs graphite: structure and propertiesRead next204Electrolytes: ionic compounds molten or in solutionRead next205Industry trade-offs: acceptable yield in acceptable timeRead next206CO2 decrease by dissolving in oceansRead next207Other addition polymers: poly(propene), PVC, PTFERead next208Graphene and fullerenes: structure and key propertiesRead next209Electrolysis as decomposition using direct currentRead next210NPK fertilisers: what the letters mean and why plants need themRead next211Oxygen increase from photosynthesis (primitive plants)Read next212Linking monomers and polymers (deducing one from the other)Read next213Metals: delocalised electrons and metallic bondingRead next214Ion movement to electrodes (anions → anode, cations → cathode)Read next215Ammonia + nitric acid → fertiliser salt (ammonium nitrate concept)Read next216Test for oxygen (relights glowing splint)Read next217Polymer uses linked to properties (PE, PP, PVC, PTFE)Read next218Polymers as long carbon-chain molecules (intro)Read next219Predicting products: aqueous electrolysis (competition rules)Read next220Making ammonium sulfate in the lab (small-scale method)Read next221Greenhouse effect: how gases absorb and re-radiate heatRead next222Polyesters as condensation polymers (water formed each link)Read next223Limits of models (dot-and-cross, ball-and-stick, 2D/3D)Read next224Predicting products: molten ionic compoundsRead next225Comparing lab vs industrial-scale fertiliser manufactureRead next226Evaluating evidence for human-caused climate change (correlation + uncertainty)Read next227Problems with polymers (landfill persistence, combustion gases, sorting)Read next228Relative formula mass (Mr) calculationsRead next229Half-equations at anode and cathodeRead next230Chemical cells: voltage until a reactant is used upRead next231Today’s atmosphere compositionRead next232Evaluating polymer recycling (economic and environmental trade-offs)Read next233Percentage by mass calculationsRead next234Oxidation and reduction as electron loss/gainRead next235Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells: reactants and productsRead next236Impacts of increased CO2 and methane and possible mitigation (Pearson Qualifications)Read next237Natural polymers: DNA, starch and proteins (what they’re made from)Read next238Empirical formula from reacting massesRead next239Electrolysis: oxidation at anode, reduction at cathodeRead next240Evaluating fuel cells for specific uses (pros/cons) (Pearson Qualifications)Read next241Drawing alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol)Read next242Empirical formula from percentage compositionRead next243Copper purification using electrolysis (copper electrodes)Read next244Alcohol functional group and dehydration to alkenesRead next245Conservation of mass in reactionsRead next246Core practical: electrolysis of CuSO4 with inert vs copper electrodes (Pearson Qualifications)Read next247Core practical: comparing heats of combustion of alcohols (Pearson Qualifications)Read next248Reacting masses from balanced equationsRead next249Drawing carboxylic acids (methanoic to butanoic)Read next250Concentration calculations (g/dm³ and mol/dm³)Read next251Carboxylic acid functional group and acidic propertiesRead next252The mole as “amount of substance”Read next253Oxidising ethanol to ethanoic acid (and extension idea)Read next254Limiting reactants and “excess” in calculations (Pearson Qualifications)Read next255Using functional groups to predict reactions in a homologous seriesRead next256Ethanol by fermentation (yeast enzymes)Read next257Concentrating ethanol by fractional distillation after fermentationRead next258Nanoparticles: size compared to atoms and moleculesRead next259Nanoparticles: surface area to volume ratio and uses (e.g. sunscreens)Read next260Nanoparticles: possible risksRead next261Comparing materials using data (glass/clay ceramics, polymers, composites, metals)Read next262Selecting materials for uses based on properties and data (Pearson Qualifications)Read next
Previews load for the first 60 in this unit.