Your journey to excellence in
By Revision Genie
Atomic Structure
Unit 1
The Plum Pudding Model
Rutherford’s Model of the Atom
Discovery of the Neutron
Modern Atomic Model
Structure of an Atom
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Relative Charges of Subatomic Particles
Relative Masses of Subatomic Particles
Atomic Number Definition
Mass Number Definition
Neutral Charge of Atoms
Calculating Subatomic Particles in Atoms
Calculating Subatomic Particles in Ions
Electronic Configuration of Atoms (1–20)
Electronic Configuration of Ions (1–20)
Atomic Radius and Nucleus Size
Definition of Isotopes
Identifying Isotopes from Data
Calculating Relative Atomic Mass
Definition of a Compound
Unit 2
Bonding and Structure
Definition of Ionic Bonding
Formation of Ions
Cations and Anions
Dot and Cross Diagrams for Ionic Bonding
Properties of Ionic Bonds
Ionic Bonding in Metal Compounds
Definition of Covalent Bonding
Single Covalent Bonds
Dot and Cross Diagrams for Simple Covalent Molecules
Multiple Covalent Bonds
Properties of Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonding in Non-Metallic Compounds
Metallic Bonding Definition
Delocalised Electrons in Metallic Bonding
Strength of Metallic Bonds
Giant Ionic Lattice Structure
Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds
Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water
Molecular Covalent Structures
Van der Waals Forces in Molecular Structures
Physical Properties of Molecular Covalent Compounds
Solubility of Covalent Molecular Substances
Giant Covalent Structures: Diamond
Giant Covalent Structures: Graphite
Uses of Diamond and Graphite
Metallic Structures and Physical Properties
Definition of Alloys
Structure and Properties of Alloys
Carat Measurement in Gold Alloys
Structure and Bonding in Carbon
Graphene Structure and Properties
Uses of Graphene
Allotropes of Carbon
Classification of Structures: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic
Unit 3
Nanoparticles
What Are Nanoparticles?
Nanoparticle Size Range
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Calculating Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Properties of Nanoparticles vs Bulk Materials
Why Nanoparticles Have Unique Properties
Nanoparticles in Sun Creams
Benefits of Nanoparticles in Sun Creams
Risks of Nanoparticles in Sun Creams
Potential Cell Damage from Nanoparticles
Environmental Risks of Nanoparticles
Comparing Nanoparticles to Bulk Materials
Applications of Nanoparticles in Medicine
Applications of Nanoparticles in Electronics
Applications of Nanoparticles in Catalysis
Applications of Nanoparticles in Energy Storage
Nanoparticles in Food and Packaging
Nanoparticles in Water Treatment
Evaluating Benefits of Nanoparticles
Evaluating Risks of Nanoparticles
Safety Concerns in Nanoparticle Use
Regulation of Nanoparticles
Ethical Issues in Nanotechnology
Future Potential of Nanoparticles
Examining Real-World Examples of Nanoparticles
How to Answer Nanoparticle Exam Questions
Common Misconceptions About Nanoparticles
Interpreting Graphs of Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Worked Example: Surface Area to Volume Ratio Calculation
Exam Trap: Misidentifying Nanoparticle Properties
Unit 4
Symbols, Formulae, and Equations
Chemical Symbols for Elements
Recognising Diatomic Elements
Interpreting Chemical Formulae
Counting Atoms in a Formula
Writing Chemical Formulae
Reactants and Products in Reactions
Constructing Word Equations
Conservation of Atoms in Reactions
Balancing Symbol Equations
Writing Balanced Symbol Equations
Writing Ionic Equations
Understanding Half Equations
State Symbols in Chemical Equations
Using State Symbols in Reactions
Common Errors in Balancing Equations
Examining the Role of Reactants
Predicting Products from Reactants
Systematic Approach to Balancing Equations
Identifying Ionic Compounds in Equations
Understanding the Role of State Symbols
Using Diatomic Elements in Equations
Common Missteps in Ionic Equations
Application of Half Equations in Redox Reactions
Analyzing Chemical Reactions for Balancing
Practical Applications of Balanced Equations
Exam Practice: Balancing Equations
Exam Practice: Writing Ionic Equations
Exam Practice: State Symbols in Equations
Unit 5
The Periodic Table
Mendeleev's Periodic Table
Gaps and Predictions in Mendeleev's Table
Modern Periodic Table vs Mendeleev's Table
Definition of an Element
Groups and Periods in the Periodic Table
Metals and Non-Metals in the Periodic Table
Properties of Metals vs Non-Metals
States of Elements in the Periodic Table
Outer Shell Electrons and Group Properties
Group 1 Alkali Metals: Physical Properties
Group 1 Alkali Metals: Chemical Properties
Reactions of Alkali Metals with Water
Reactivity Trends in Group 1
Group 1 Compounds and Their Solubility
Group 7 Halogens: Physical Properties
Trends in Group 7 Halogens
Sublimation of Iodine
Testing for Chlorine Gas
Displacement Reactions in Group 7
Reactivity Trends in Group 7
Formation of Halide Ions
Group 0 Noble Gases: Stability and Reactivity
Boiling Point Trends in Noble Gases
Transition Metals: Physical Properties
Transition Metals vs Group 1 Metals
Formation of Transition Metal Ions
Colored Compounds of Transition Metals
Reactivity Trends Across the Periodic Table
Electronic Configuration and Periodic Trends
Unit 6
Quantitative Chemistry
Relative Atomic Mass
Relative Formula Mass
Percentage Mass of an Element in a Compound
Definition of a Mole
Molar Mass and Grams
Converting Mass to Moles
Converting Moles to Mass
Reacting Mass Calculations
Limiting Reactants in Calculations
Theoretical Yield Calculation
Percentage Yield Calculation
Reasons for Less Than 100% Yield
Definition of Empirical Formula
Definition of Molecular Formula
Hydrated and Anhydrous Compounds
Water of Crystallisation
Heating to Constant Mass
Calculating Relative Formula Mass with Water of Crystallisation
Percentage Water in Hydrated Compounds
Determining Empirical Formula from Mass Composition
Determining Empirical Formula from Percentage Composition
Determining Moles of Water in Hydrated Salts
Prescribed Practical: Mass of Water in Hydrated Crystals
Interpreting and Using Balanced Symbol Equations
Constructing Balanced Symbol Equations
Using Moles in Chemical Equations
Reacting Masses in Industrial Chemistry
Importance of Scale in Chemistry
Unit 7
Acids, Bases, and Salts
Phenolphthalein and Methyl Orange Indicators
Effects of Solutions on Litmus Paper
Using Universal Indicator and pH Meters
Classifying Solutions by pH Range
Hydrogen Ions in Acids
Hydroxide Ions in Alkalis
Strong Acids and Alkalis
Weak Acids and Alkalis
Dilute vs Concentrated Solutions
Neutralisation Reaction and Ionic Equation
Temperature Changes in Neutralisation
Definition of Bases and Alkalis
Acid Reactions with Metals
Acid Reactions with Bases
Acid Reactions with Carbonates
Acid Reactions with Hydrogencarbonates
Acid Reactions with Ammonia
Testing for Hydrogen Gas
Testing for Carbon Dioxide Gas
Definition of Salts
Properties of Group 1 and Transition Metal Salts
Preparing Salts Using Insoluble Substances
Preparing Salts Using Alkalis and Indicators
Removing Indicators Using Charcoal
Methods for Drying Soluble Salts
Safety Hazards in Salt Preparation
Investigating Acid Reactions (Prescribed Practical)
Preparation of Soluble Salts (Prescribed Practical)
Unit 8
Chemical Analysis
Definition of Pure Substances
Melting and Boiling Points of Pure Substances
Distinguishing Pure Substances from Mixtures
What is a Formulation?
Examples of Formulations
Key Terms: Solute, Solvent, and Solution
Key Terms: Residue and Filtrate
Key Terms: Distillate and Condensation
Key Terms: Miscible and Immiscible
Filtration Technique
Crystallisation Technique
Simple Distillation Technique
Fractional Distillation Technique
Paper Chromatography Technique
How Paper Chromatography Works
Interpreting Paper Chromatograms
Calculating Rf Values in Chromatography
Choosing Effective Separation Methods
Planning Separation Experiments
Making Water Potable: Filtration and Sedimentation
Making Water Potable: Chlorination Process
Distillation of Seawater for Potable Water
Testing for Water Using Anhydrous Copper(II) Sulfate
Conducting a Flame Test
Flame Colours of Metal Ions
Testing for Metal Ions Using Sodium Hydroxide Solution
Testing for Metal Ions Using Ammonia Solution
Testing for Halide Ions Using Silver Nitrate Solution
Testing for Sulfate Ions Using Barium Chloride Solution
Testing for Carbonate Ions Using Dilute Acid
Writing Ionic Equations for Halide and Sulfate Tests
Writing Ionic Equations for Metal Ion Tests
Understanding Precipitation Reactions in Ion Tests
Designing Experiments to Identify Ions
Prescribed Practical: Identifying Ions in Ionic Compounds
Unit 9
Solubility
Definition of Solubility
Units of Solubility
Factors Affecting Solubility
Solubility of Solids in Water
Solubility of Gases in Water
Effect of Temperature on Solubility of Solids
Effect of Temperature on Solubility of Gases
Saturated Solutions
Formation of Saturated Solutions
Identifying Saturated Solutions
Cooling Saturated Solutions
Solute Deposition upon Cooling
Calculating Solubility from Data
Experimental Determination of Solubility
Prescribed Practical: Determining Solubility of a Solid
Interpreting Solubility Data Tables
Drawing Solubility Curves
Interpreting Solubility Curves
Relationship Between Solubility and Temperature
Comparison of Solubility Trends for Solids and Gases
Applications of Solubility in Everyday Life
Applications of Solubility in Industrial Processes
Common Exam Traps in Solubility Calculations
Graphing Solubility Data Step-by-Step
Predicting Solubility at Different Temperatures
Impact of Pressure on Gas Solubility
Saturation Point and Dynamic Equilibrium
Using Solubility for Chemical Analysis
Solubility and Environmental Implications
Solubility and Precipitation Reactions
Solubility Product (Ksp) Concept Overview
Unit 10
Metals and Reactivity Series
The Reactivity Series of Metals
Reactions of Metals with Air
Reactions of Metals with Water
Reactions of Metals with Steam
Displacement Reactions of Metals
Predicting Reactivity from Experimental Data
Relationship Between Reactivity and Ion Formation
Metal Extraction and Reactivity Series
Extraction of Aluminium by Electrolysis
Extraction of Iron by Chemical Reduction
Environmental Impact of Metal Extraction
Phytomining Process for Copper Extraction
Displacement of Copper Using Scrap Iron
Advantages of Phytomining Over Traditional Mining
Investigating Metal Reactivity (Prescribed Practical)
Unit 11
Redox, Rusting, and Iron
Definition of Oxidation (Oxygen Gain)
Definition of Reduction (Oxygen Loss)
Oxidation and Reduction in Electron Terms
Identifying Oxidation and Reduction in Equations
Worked Example: Redox Reaction Analysis
Practical: Investigating Rusting
Chemical Reaction of Iron with Water and Air
Formation of Hydrated Iron(III) Oxide
Methods to Prevent Rusting: Barrier Methods
Methods to Prevent Rusting: Galvanising
Sacrificial Protection and Reactivity Series
Extraction of Iron from Haematite
Production of Reducing Agent in Iron Extraction
Reduction of Haematite to Iron
Removal of Acidic Impurities in Iron Extraction
Uses of Iron: Strength in Structures
Definition of Redox Reactions
Examples of Industrial Redox Processes
Common Exam Trap: Misidentifying Oxidation and Reduction
Exam Technique: Writing Half Equations for Redox Reactions
Exam Technique: Recognising Oxidation in Complex Equations
Exam Technique: Recognising Reduction in Complex Equations
Worked Example: Writing Half Equations for Rusting
Practical: Testing Rust Prevention Methods
Worked Example: Calculating Reactants in Iron Extraction
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Rust Prevention Methods
Exam Trap: Misunderstanding Sacrificial Protection
Unit 12
Rates of Reaction
Defining Rate of Reaction
Rate = Change in Quantity/Time
Measuring Gas Volume Over Time
Measuring Mass Loss Over Time
Observing Precipitate Formation Over Time
Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
Effect of Surface Area on Reaction Rate
Collision Theory Basics
Frequency of Collisions and Reaction Rate
Energy of Collisions and Activation Energy
Role of Catalysts in Reactions
Catalysts and Activation Energy
Transition Metals as Catalysts
Graphing Reaction Rate Data
Interpreting Reaction Rate Graphs
Comparing Rates from Graph Slopes
Using Tangents to Find Instantaneous Rates
Investigating Metal and Acid Reactions
Investigating Calcium Carbonate and Acid Reactions
Investigating Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition
Investigating Sodium Thiosulfate and Acid Reaction
Designing Rate of Reaction Experiments
Common Errors in Rate Experiments
Safety Precautions in Rate Experiments
Practical: Measuring Gas Volume Rates
Practical: Measuring Mass Loss Rates
Practical: Observing Precipitate Formation
Practical: Effect of Temperature on Rate
Practical: Effect of Concentration on Rate
Practical: Effect of Surface Area on Rate
Practical: Using Catalysts in Reactions
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Graphs
Exam Trap: Confusing Rate and Time
Exam Trap: Incorrect Units for Rate
Exam Trap: Overlooking Controlled Variables
Unit 13
Equilibrium
Introduction to Reversible Reactions
Characteristics of Reversible Reactions
Dynamic Equilibrium Definition
Conditions for Dynamic Equilibrium
Forward and Reverse Reaction Rates
Le Châtelier's Principle Overview
Effect of Concentration Changes on Equilibrium
Effect of Temperature Changes on Equilibrium
Effect of Pressure Changes on Equilibrium
Predicting Equilibrium Shifts with Le Châtelier's Principle
Closed System Requirement for Equilibrium
Understanding Homogeneous Systems in Equilibrium
Introduction to the Haber Process
Chemical Equation of the Haber Process
Raw Materials for the Haber Process
Conditions Used in the Haber Process
Role of Catalyst in the Haber Process
Trade-Off Between Yield and Rate in the Haber Process
Effect of Temperature on Ammonia Yield
Effect of Pressure on Ammonia Yield
Economic Considerations in the Haber Process
Environmental Impact of the Haber Process
Applications of Ammonia Produced in the Haber Process
Examining the Reversibility of the Haber Process
Worked Example: Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
Worked Example: Predicting Equilibrium Shifts
Common Exam Traps in Equilibrium Questions
Interpreting Graphs of Equilibrium Systems
Experimental Setup for Investigating Equilibrium
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates in Reversible Reactions
The Role of Energy in Reversible Reactions
Examining Activation Energy in Equilibrium Systems
Impact of Industrial Conditions on Equilibrium
Comparing Laboratory and Industrial Equilibrium Conditions
Unit 14
Organic Chemistry
Introduction to Hydrocarbons
Definition of Homologous Series
Properties of Homologous Series
Gradation in Physical Properties
Chemical Properties of Homologous Series
The General Formula of Alkanes
The General Formula of Alkenes
The General Formula of Alcohols
The General Formula of Carboxylic Acids
Structure and Formula of Alkanes
Structure and Formula of Alkenes
Structure and Formula of Alcohols
Structure and Formula of Carboxylic Acids
What is Crude Oil?
Fractional Distillation Process
Uses of Crude Oil Fractions
Refinery Gases and Their Uses
Petrol and Its Applications
Naphtha and Chemical Manufacturing
Kerosene as Aircraft Fuel
Diesel for Cars and Trains
Fuel Oils for Ships
Bitumen for Roads and Roofs
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
Complete Combustion of Hydrocarbons
Incomplete Combustion of Hydrocarbons
Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide
Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry
Reactivity of Alkanes vs Alkenes
Addition Reactions of Alkenes
Testing for C=C Bonds with Bromine Water
Introduction to Polymerisation
Addition Polymerisation Process
Writing Polymerisation Equations
Structure of Polymers from Monomers
Environmental Impact of Polymers
Disposal of Polymers: Landfill vs Incineration
Preparation of Ethanol by Fermentation
Combustion of Alcohols
Oxidation of Alcohols
Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
Environmental Pollution from Combustion
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
Identifying Organic Compounds via Tests
Advantages of Crude Oil as a Resource
Finite Nature of Crude Oil
Safety in Handling Organic Compounds
Unit 15
Electrochemistry
Definition of Electrolysis
Understanding Electrolytes
Role of Anode and Cathode
Movement of Ions in Electrolysis
Electrolysis of Molten Salts
Electrolysis of Lithium Chloride
Electrolysis of Lead(II) Bromide
Electrolysis of Dilute Sulfuric Acid
Products at the Cathode
Products at the Anode
Half Equations for Electrolysis
Predicting Electrolysis Products
Industrial Extraction of Aluminium
Purification of Alumina from Bauxite
Role of Cryolite in Aluminium Extraction
Replacing Anodes in Aluminium Electrolysis
Environmental Benefits of Recycling Aluminium
Energy Savings in Aluminium Recycling
Understanding Inert Electrodes
Conduction in Electrolytes
Electrolysis vs Chemical Reduction
Common Uses of Electrolysis in Industry
Importance of Electrolysis in Chemistry
Examining Electrolysis Safety Considerations
Exam Trap: Incorrect Identification of Electrolysis Products
Worked Example: Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride
Worked Example: Electrolysis of Copper(II) Sulfate
Understanding Dynamic Equilibrium in Electrolysis
Impact of Concentration on Electrolysis Outcomes
Factors Affecting Electrolysis Efficiency
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Half Equations
Using Electrolysis for Electroplating
Using Electrolysis in Water Purification
Exam Trap: Confusing Electrolysis and Redox Reactions
Unit 16
Energy Changes in Chemistry
Exothermic Reactions
Endothermic Reactions
Reaction Profile Diagrams
Interpreting Reaction Profiles
Activation Energy Definition
Energy in Bond Breaking
Energy in Bond Making
Overall Energy Change in Reactions
Calculating Energy Changes from Bond Energies
Using Bond Energy Tables
Chemical Examples of Exothermic Reactions
Chemical Examples of Endothermic Reactions
Everyday Applications of Exothermic Reactions
Everyday Applications of Endothermic Reactions
Energy Conservation in Reactions
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Reaction Profiles
Exam Trap: Confusing Bond Breaking and Bond Making
Exam Trap: Incorrect Use of Bond Energy Data
Prescribed Practical: Investigating Temperature Changes in Reactions
Drawing Reaction Profiles for Given Reactions
Comparing Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
Energy Changes in Reversible Reactions
Energy Changes in Combustion Reactions
Energy Changes in Neutralisation Reactions
Energy Changes in Dissolution Processes
Energy Changes in Photosynthesis and Respiration
Understanding Energy Transfer in Surroundings
Exam Trap: Mislabeling Activation Energy on Profiles
Unit 17
Gas Chemistry
Composition of Atmospheric Gases
Physical Properties of Nitrogen
Uses of Nitrogen
Test for Ammonia Gas
Ammonia and Fertiliser Production
Preparation of Hydrogen Gas
Properties of Hydrogen Gas
Uses of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen as a Clean Fuel
Preparation of Oxygen Gas
Properties of Oxygen Gas
Uses of Oxygen Gas
Reaction of Carbon with Oxygen
Reaction of Sulfur with Oxygen
Reaction of Magnesium with Oxygen
Reaction of Iron with Oxygen
Reaction of Copper with Oxygen
Acidic and Basic Oxides of Metals and Non-Metals
Preparation of Carbon Dioxide Gas
Properties of Carbon Dioxide Gas
Uses of Carbon Dioxide Gas
Reaction of Carbon Dioxide with Water
Reaction of Carbon Dioxide with Limewater
Excess Carbon Dioxide in Limewater Reaction
Prescribed Practical: Preparation of Hydrogen Gas
Prescribed Practical: Preparation of Oxygen Gas
Prescribed Practical: Preparation of Carbon Dioxide Gas
Prescribed Practical: Testing Properties of Gases
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Gas Collection Methods
Exam Trap: Confusing Acidic and Basic Oxides
Unit 18
Practical Skills
Identifying Variables in Experiments
Formulating Hypotheses for Experiments
Planning Methods for Investigations
Conducting Risk Assessments
Selecting Suitable Equipment
Creating Results Tables with Headings
Drawing Diagrams of Apparatus
Ensuring Validity and Reliability of Data
Using a Bunsen Burner Safely
Handling General Glassware Correctly
Setting Up Gas Preparation Apparatus
Using Electrolysis Equipment
Measuring Volumes with Graduated Glassware
Performing Titrations Accurately
Using a Gas Syringe for Measurements
Recording Observations During Reactions
Understanding Accuracy, Reliability, and Validity
Plotting Graphs with Correct Axes
Identifying and Handling Anomalous Results
Drawing Straight Lines or Curves on Graphs
Making Evidence-Based Conclusions
Analyzing Experimental Data Critically
Performing Calculations from Experimental Results
Recognizing Direct and Inverse Proportions
Discussing Reliability of Experimental Data
Defending Hypotheses Scientifically
Evaluating Experimental Limitations
Determining Water in Hydrated Crystals
Investigating Reactions of Acids
Preparing Soluble Salts
Testing for Ions in Ionic Compounds
Investigating Metal Reactivity
Changing Variables to Affect Reaction Rates
Performing Acid-Base Titrations
Determining Acid and Alkali Concentrations
Preparing and Testing Hydrogen Gas
Preparing and Testing Oxygen Gas
Preparing and Testing Carbon Dioxide Gas
Analyzing Temperature Changes in Reactions
Using Indicators in Experiments
Observing and Recording Precipitation Reactions
Designing Reliable Experimental Procedures
Evaluating Risks in Practical Chemistry
Understanding Prescribed Practical Assessments
Collaborating in Practical Tasks Effectively
Managing Time During Laboratory Work
Using Scientific Reasoning in Discussions
Exploring Practical Chemistry Scenarios in Exams