By Revision Genie
Cell Structure and Function
Unit 1
The Structure of Animal Cells
The Structure of Plant Cells
Comparing Animal and Plant Cells
The Function of the Nucleus
The Role of the Cytoplasm
The Function of the Cell Membrane
The Role of Mitochondria in Respiration
The Function of Ribosomes in Protein Synthesis
The Role of Chloroplasts in Photosynthesis
The Function of the Vacuole in Plant Cells
The Role of the Cell Wall in Plant Cells
Specialised Cells and Their Functions
Examples of Specialised Animal Cells
Examples of Specialised Plant Cells
Diffusion Across Cell Membranes
Factors Affecting Diffusion Rate
Osmosis in Plant and Animal Cells
The Importance of Osmosis in Cells
Active Transport Across Membranes
Differences Between Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport
The Structure and Function of Enzymes
The Lock and Key Model of Enzyme Action
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
The Effect of Temperature on Enzymes
The Effect of pH on Enzymes
The Effect of Substrate Concentration on Enzymes
Enzyme Denaturation and Its Causes
The Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
Examples of Enzymes in Metabolic Reactions
The Importance of Enzymes in Digestion
Investigating Enzyme Activity in Practical Experiments
The Structure and Function of Prokaryotic Cells
Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Microscopy and Observing Cell Structures
Using a Light Microscope Effectively
The Importance of Staining in Microscopy
Electron Microscopes and Their Advantages
Estimating Cell Size Using Microscopy
Examining Cell Structures in Micrographs
The Importance of Surface Area to Volume Ratio in Cells
Adaptations of Cells for Efficient Exchange
Exam Trap: Confusing Diffusion and Osmosis
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Enzyme Graphs
Exam Trap: Mislabeling Cell Structures
Unit 2
Respiration and Gas Exchange
Definition of Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Equation
Anaerobic Respiration Equation
Energy Yield: Aerobic vs Anaerobic
Uses of Energy from Respiration
Lactic Acid Formation in Anaerobic Respiration
Oxygen Debt Explained
Respiration in Plants vs Animals
Structure of the Human Respiratory System
Function of the Trachea and Bronchi
Role of Alveoli in Gas Exchange
Adaptations of Alveoli for Gas Exchange
Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Role of Red Blood Cells in Gas Transport
Mechanics of Breathing: Inhalation
Mechanics of Breathing: Exhalation
Role of the Diaphragm in Breathing
Intercostal Muscles in Breathing
Control of Breathing Rate
Effects of Exercise on Breathing
Adaptations of the Respiratory System for Exercise
Gas Exchange and Cellular Respiration Link
Impact of Smoking on Gas Exchange
Diseases Affecting Gas Exchange: Asthma
Diseases Affecting Gas Exchange: Emphysema
Diseases Affecting Gas Exchange: Chronic Bronchitis
Investigating Breathing Rate Experiment
Investigating Carbon Dioxide Production Experiment
Respiration in Micro-organisms
Comparing Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast
Respiration During Exercise: Practical Application
Common Exam Errors in Respiration Questions
Interpreting Graphs of Breathing Rate vs Activity
Role of the Respiratory System in Homeostasis
Gas Exchange in Different Organisms
Unit 3
Digestive System and Nutrition
The Role of the Digestive System
Organs of the Digestive System
The Mouth and Salivary Glands
The Role of Teeth in Digestion
The Oesophagus and Peristalsis
The Stomach and Gastric Juices
The Role of Hydrochloric Acid
The Small Intestine and Absorption
Villi and Microvilli Structure
The Large Intestine and Water Absorption
The Role of the Pancreas in Digestion
The Liver and Bile Production
The Role of Bile in Fat Digestion
The Gallbladder and Bile Storage
Enzymes in Digestion
Amylase and Carbohydrate Digestion
Protease and Protein Digestion
Lipase and Fat Digestion
The Role of pH in Enzyme Activity
Balanced Diet: Definition and Importance
The Five Food Groups
Carbohydrates: Sources and Functions
Proteins: Sources and Functions
Fats: Sources and Functions
Vitamins and Minerals: Roles in Nutrition
Fibre: Importance in Digestion
Water: Importance in the Body
Energy Requirements and Age
Energy Requirements and Activity Levels
Energy Requirements and Gender
Consequences of an Unbalanced Diet
Obesity: Causes and Health Risks
Malnutrition and Its Effects
Deficiency Diseases: Examples and Causes
The Process of Absorption in the Small Intestine
The Role of the Bloodstream in Nutrient Transport
Assimilation of Nutrients in Cells
Egestion: Removal of Undigested Food
Dietary Needs for Special Groups (e.g., Pregnant Women)
The Impact of Diet on Health
Food Tests: Testing for Starch
Food Tests: Testing for Glucose
Food Tests: Testing for Protein
Food Tests: Testing for Fats
The Importance of Digestion for Energy Release
The Relationship Between Digestion and Metabolism
Common Digestive System Disorders
The Role of Gut Bacteria in Digestion
The Impact of Lifestyle Choices on Digestion
Unit 4
Circulatory System and Blood
The Structure of the Heart
The Function of the Heart
The Double Circulatory System
The Path of Blood Through the Heart
The Role of Valves in the Heart
Structure and Function of Arteries
Structure and Function of Veins
Structure and Function of Capillaries
Comparing Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
The Role of Blood in Transport
Components of Blood: Plasma
Components of Blood: Red Blood Cells
Components of Blood: White Blood Cells
Components of Blood: Platelets
The Function of Plasma in Transport
The Function of Red Blood Cells in Oxygen Transport
The Role of Haemoglobin in Oxygen Transport
The Role of White Blood Cells in Defence
Phagocytosis: How White Blood Cells Destroy Pathogens
Antibody Production by White Blood Cells
The Role of Platelets in Blood Clotting
The Importance of Blood Clotting
The Role of Blood in Waste Removal
Oxygenated vs Deoxygenated Blood
The Role of Coronary Arteries
The Causes of Coronary Heart Disease
The Effects of Coronary Heart Disease
Lifestyle Factors and Heart Disease
The Use of Stents in Treating Heart Disease
The Use of Statins in Treating Heart Disease
The Role of Artificial Pacemakers
The Role of Artificial Hearts
The Role of Blood Transfusions
Adaptations of Red Blood Cells
The Importance of a Closed Circulatory System
Blood Pressure and Its Regulation
The Role of the Lymphatic System in Circulation
The Role of the Lymphatic System in Defence
The Role of Tissue Fluid in Transport
The Role of the Heart in Generating Blood Pressure
The Effect of Exercise on the Circulatory System
The Effect of Smoking on the Circulatory System
The Effect of Diet on the Circulatory System
The Effect of Stress on the Circulatory System
The Role of the Circulatory System in Thermoregulation
The Role of the Circulatory System in Hormone Transport
Common Exam Mistakes: Circulatory System
Interpreting Diagrams of the Circulatory System
Interpreting Data on Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
The Role of the Circulatory System in Homeostasis
Unit 5
Plant Structure and Photosynthesis
Structure of a Leaf
Function of the Cuticle
Role of the Upper Epidermis
Structure and Function of Palisade Cells
Role of the Spongy Mesophyll
Stomata and Gas Exchange
Guard Cells and Stomatal Control
Function of the Xylem
Function of the Phloem
Chloroplast Structure and Function
Adaptations of Leaves for Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Word Equation
Photosynthesis Balanced Symbol Equation
Role of Light in Photosynthesis
Role of Carbon Dioxide in Photosynthesis
Role of Water in Photosynthesis
Role of Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis: Light Intensity
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis: Carbon Dioxide Levels
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis: Temperature
Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis
Investigating Light Intensity and Photosynthesis
Investigating Carbon Dioxide Levels and Photosynthesis
Investigating Temperature and Photosynthesis
Adaptations of Aquatic Plants for Photosynthesis
Adaptations of Desert Plants for Photosynthesis
Role of Starch as a Storage Molecule
Testing Leaves for Starch
Role of Glucose in Plant Growth
Transport of Water in Plants
Transport of Sugars in Plants
Importance of Photosynthesis to Ecosystems
Photosynthesis and the Carbon Cycle
Common Misconceptions About Photosynthesis
Examining Leaf Cross-Sections Under a Microscope
Practical Skills: Measuring Rate of Photosynthesis
Interpreting Photosynthesis Rate Graphs
Exam Trap: Misidentifying Limiting Factors
Exam Trap: Confusing Xylem and Phloem
Unit 6
Ecosystems and Energy Transfer
What Is an Ecosystem?
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Defining Habitats and Niches
Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers
The Concept of Food Chains
The Concept of Food Webs
Trophic Levels in Ecosystems
Energy Transfer Between Trophic Levels
The 10% Rule in Energy Transfer
Pyramids of Number
Pyramids of Biomass
Pyramids of Energy
Calculating Energy Efficiency
The Role of Decomposers in Energy Flow
Nutrient Cycles: The Carbon Cycle
Processes in the Carbon Cycle
Nutrient Cycles: The Nitrogen Cycle
Processes in the Nitrogen Cycle
The Role of Microorganisms in Nutrient Cycles
Human Activities and the Carbon Cycle
Human Activities and the Nitrogen Cycle
The Impact of Deforestation on Ecosystems
The Effects of Pollution on Ecosystems
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
Eutrophication: Causes and Effects
The Role of Conservation in Ecosystems
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability
The Importance of Biodiversity
Human Impact on Biodiversity
Sustainable Resource Management
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
Climate Change and Ecosystems
Invasive Species and Their Effects
Sampling Techniques in Ecosystem Studies
Quadrats: Method and Uses
Transects: Method and Uses
Estimating Population Sizes
Practical: Investigating Food Chains
Practical: Investigating Energy Transfer
Practical: Investigating Biodiversity
Interpreting Food Chains and Webs
Interpreting Pyramids of Number and Biomass
Common Misconceptions in Energy Transfer
Exam Tips for Ecosystems and Energy Transfer
Unit 7
Classification and Biodiversity
Definition of Classification
Importance of Classification in Biology
The Five Kingdom Classification System
Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom
Characteristics of the Plant Kingdom
Characteristics of the Fungi Kingdom
Characteristics of the Protista Kingdom
Characteristics of the Monera Kingdom
Modern Classification Systems
The Three-Domain System
Differences Between Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
Binomial Nomenclature and Scientific Names
Rules for Writing Scientific Names
Hierarchy of Taxonomic Ranks
Definitions of Genus and Species
Examples of Taxonomic Classification
Definition of Biodiversity
Levels of Biodiversity: Genetic, Species, Ecosystem
Importance of Biodiversity for Ecosystems
Threats to Biodiversity
Human Activities Impacting Biodiversity
Conservation of Biodiversity
Endangered Species and Their Protection
Definition of Sampling in Ecology
Random Sampling Techniques
Systematic Sampling Techniques
Using Quadrats for Sampling
Using Transects for Sampling
Estimating Population Size Using Sampling Data
Limitations of Sampling Techniques
Ethical Considerations in Sampling
Using Keys for Identification of Organisms
Constructing Dichotomous Keys
Interpreting Dichotomous Keys
Biodiversity Hotspots Around the World
Role of National Parks in Conservation
International Agreements on Biodiversity Conservation
CITES and Its Role in Protecting Species
The Role of Zoos in Conservation
Seed Banks and Their Importance
Rewilding and Habitat Restoration
Invasive Species and Their Impact on Biodiversity
The Role of Genetic Diversity in Species Survival
Biodiversity and Climate Change
Ecosystem Services Provided by Biodiversity
Using Technology in Biodiversity Monitoring
Case Studies of Successful Conservation Efforts
Unit 8
Cell Division and Stem Cells
Purpose of Cell Division
Introduction to Mitosis
Stages of Mitosis
Prophase in Mitosis
Metaphase in Mitosis
Anaphase in Mitosis
Telophase in Mitosis
Cytokinesis in Mitosis
Importance of Mitosis in Growth
Role of Mitosis in Repair
Introduction to Meiosis
Stages of Meiosis
Prophase I in Meiosis
Crossing Over in Meiosis
Metaphase I in Meiosis
Anaphase I in Meiosis
Telophase I in Meiosis
Cytokinesis I in Meiosis
Prophase II in Meiosis
Metaphase II in Meiosis
Anaphase II in Meiosis
Telophase II in Meiosis
Cytokinesis II in Meiosis
Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
Role of Meiosis in Sexual Reproduction
Gamete Formation in Meiosis
Genetic Variation in Meiosis
Introduction to Stem Cells
Types of Stem Cells
Embryonic Stem Cells
Adult Stem Cells
Stem Cell Differentiation
Role of Stem Cells in Growth
Role of Stem Cells in Repair
Stem Cells in Medicine
Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Use
Advantages of Stem Cell Therapy
Limitations of Stem Cell Therapy
Examining Cell Division Diagrams
Common Errors in Mitosis Questions
Common Errors in Meiosis Questions
Interpreting Stem Cell Applications
Exam Technique for Cell Division Questions
Practical Investigation: Observing Mitosis
Practical Investigation: Observing Meiosis
Evaluating Stem Cell Research
Unit 9
DNA and Inheritance
What is DNA?
Structure of DNA
Base Pairing in DNA
Function of DNA
Genes and Chromosomes
DNA Replication Process
Role of Enzymes in DNA Replication
Mutations in DNA
Types of DNA Mutations
Consequences of DNA Mutations
Genetic Disorders from Mutations
What is a Genetic Profile?
Uses of Genetic Profiles
Ethical Issues in Genetic Profiling
Inheritance of Traits
Dominant and Recessive Alleles
Homozygous and Heterozygous Genotypes
Phenotype vs Genotype
Punnett Squares
Monohybrid Crosses
Sex Determination in Humans
Role of X and Y Chromosomes
Pedigree Diagrams
Inheritance of Genetic Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis and Its Genetic Basis
Sickle Cell Anemia and Its Genetic Basis
Huntington's Disease and Its Genetic Basis
Carrier Screening for Genetic Disorders
Genetic Testing Techniques
Ethical Considerations in Genetic Testing
Selective Breeding in Plants and Animals
Advantages and Disadvantages of Selective Breeding
Genetic Engineering Basics
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Ethical Issues in Genetic Engineering
Cloning and Its Applications
Ethical Issues in Cloning
Genetic Variation and Its Sources
Role of Meiosis in Genetic Variation
Crossing Over During Meiosis
Independent Assortment of Chromosomes
Mutations and Genetic Variation
Environmental Influence on Traits
DNA Extraction Techniques
Gel Electrophoresis for DNA Analysis
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
DNA Profiling in Forensics
Genetic Counseling and Its Role
Ethical Concerns in Genetic Counseling
Unit 10
Variation and Mutation
Definition of Variation
Genetic Causes of Variation
Environmental Causes of Variation
Examples of Genetic Variation
Examples of Environmental Variation
Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Factors
Continuous Variation
Discontinuous Variation
Graphs of Continuous Variation
Graphs of Discontinuous Variation
Definition of Mutation
How Mutations Occur
Types of Mutations: Substitution
Types of Mutations: Insertion
Types of Mutations: Deletion
Causes of Mutations: Spontaneous Errors
Causes of Mutations: Radiation
Causes of Mutations: Chemicals
Mutations in Gametes vs. Somatic Cells
Harmful Effects of Mutations
Beneficial Effects of Mutations
Neutral Mutations
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
Examples of Genetic Disorders from Mutations
Mutations and Cancer
Mutations and Evolution
The Role of Mutations in Natural Selection
Gene Therapy and Mutations
Variation in Populations
Sampling Techniques for Variation
Interpreting Data on Variation
Selective Breeding and Variation
Ethical Issues in Genetic Variation
Examining Case Studies of Variation
Common Exam Mistakes in Variation Questions
Common Exam Mistakes in Mutation Questions
Unit 11
Evolution and Natural Selection
Definition of Evolution
Definition of Natural Selection
The Role of Charles Darwin
The Role of Alfred Russel Wallace
Key Principles of Darwin's Theory
Variation Within a Species
The Role of Competition in Survival
Adaptations and Survival Advantage
Inheritance of Beneficial Traits
Speciation Explained
The Process of Isolation in Speciation
The Role of Mutations in Evolution
Examples of Natural Selection in Action
The Peppered Moth Case Study
Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Fossil Evidence for Evolution
How Fossils Form
Interpreting Fossil Records
Transitional Fossils and Their Importance
Comparative Anatomy as Evidence
Homologous Structures Explained
The Pentadactyl Limb Example
DNA Evidence for Evolution
Molecular Comparisons Between Species
Embryology as Evidence of Evolution
The Role of Artificial Selection
Selective Breeding in Plants
Selective Breeding in Animals
The Differences Between Artificial and Natural Selection
The Impact of Evolution on Biodiversity
Extinction and Its Causes
Mass Extinction Events in History
Human Impact on Evolution
Climate Change and Evolutionary Pressures
The Role of Genetic Drift
The Bottleneck Effect
The Founder Effect
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Conditions for Genetic Equilibrium
Calculating Allele Frequencies
Misconceptions About Evolution
The Difference Between Evolution and Adaptation
Common Misunderstandings About 'Survival of the Fittest'
The Role of Environmental Changes in Evolution
Examples of Rapid Evolution
The Importance of Genetic Variation
The Role of Sexual Selection
Coevolution Between Species
The Impact of Human Activity on Evolution
Ethical Considerations in Studying Evolution
Unit 12
Nervous System and Sense Organs
The Structure of the Nervous System
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Role of the Brain in the Nervous System
Structure and Function of Neurons
Sensory Neurons: Function and Pathway
Motor Neurons: Function and Pathway
Relay Neurons and Their Role
Structure and Function of a Synapse
Neurotransmitters and Signal Transmission
Reflex Actions and Reflex Arcs
Voluntary vs Involuntary Actions
The Role of the Spinal Cord
The Role of the Medulla Oblongata
The Cerebrum and Its Functions
The Cerebellum and Coordination
The Hypothalamus and Homeostasis
The Role of the Pituitary Gland
The Function of the Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
The Eye: Structure and Function
The Role of the Cornea and Lens
The Retina and Photoreceptor Cells
The Role of the Optic Nerve
Accommodation: Focusing Light on the Retina
Common Eye Defects: Myopia and Hyperopia
The Ear: Structure and Function
The Role of the Cochlea in Hearing
The Role of the Auditory Nerve
The Semicircular Canals and Balance
The Skin as a Sense Organ
Touch Receptors in the Skin
Temperature Receptors in the Skin
The Role of Pain Receptors
The Nose: Structure and Function
Olfactory Receptors and Smell
The Tongue: Structure and Taste Buds
Detecting Sweet, Sour, Bitter, and Salty Tastes
How the Nervous System Detects Stimuli
The Pathway from Stimulus to Response
The Importance of Reaction Times
Factors Affecting Reaction Times
The Role of the Nervous System in Survival
Comparing Nervous and Hormonal Responses
The Role of the Nervous System in Homeostasis
Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System
The Impact of Drugs on the Nervous System
Examining Reflex Arcs in Practical Investigations
Common Exam Traps in Nervous System Questions
Unit 13
Homeostasis and Regulation
Definition of Homeostasis
Importance of Maintaining Internal Conditions
Examples of Homeostasis in the Human Body
The Role of Receptors in Homeostasis
The Role of Effectors in Homeostasis
The Role of Coordination Centres in Homeostasis
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Examples of Negative Feedback in the Body
Thermoregulation: Definition and Importance
The Role of the Hypothalamus in Thermoregulation
Body Responses to High Temperatures
Body Responses to Low Temperatures
Sweating and Its Role in Cooling the Body
Vasodilation and Heat Loss
Vasoconstriction and Heat Retention
Shivering and Heat Generation
Role of Hair Erection in Temperature Regulation
The Endocrine System and Homeostasis
The Role of Hormones in Regulation
Blood Sugar Regulation: Overview
Role of the Pancreas in Blood Sugar Control
Insulin: Function and Release
Glucagon: Function and Release
The Role of the Liver in Blood Sugar Regulation
Effects of High Blood Sugar Levels
Effects of Low Blood Sugar Levels
Type 1 Diabetes: Causes and Management
Type 2 Diabetes: Causes and Management
Long-Term Effects of Poor Blood Sugar Control
Interplay Between Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Homeostasis and Lifestyle Choices
Impact of Drugs and Alcohol on Homeostasis
The Role of Feedback Loops in Homeostasis
Adaptations for Thermoregulation in Animals
Adaptations for Thermoregulation in Plants
Homeostasis in Extreme Environments
Practical: Investigating Sweating and Cooling
Practical: Investigating Blood Sugar Control Models
Common Exam Traps in Homeostasis Questions
Interpreting Graphs of Temperature Regulation
Interpreting Graphs of Blood Sugar Levels
Case Study: Diabetes Management in Patients
Case Study: Heatstroke and Thermoregulation
Homeostasis in Multicellular vs. Unicellular Organisms
Impact of Exercise on Homeostasis
Role of Adrenaline in Short-Term Stress Response
Link Between Homeostasis and Metabolism
Consequences of Homeostatic Imbalance
Unit 14
Kidneys and Excretion
The Structure of the Kidney
The Role of the Kidney in Homeostasis
The Process of Ultrafiltration
The Role of the Glomerulus
The Role of the Bowman's Capsule
Selective Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule
The Loop of Henle and Water Reabsorption
The Role of the Distal Tubule
The Collecting Duct and Water Balance
The Role of ADH in Water Regulation
The Concept of Osmoregulation
The Excretion of Urea
The Formation of Urine
The Role of the Renal Artery and Vein
Kidney Failure and Its Causes
Symptoms of Kidney Failure
Dialysis: How It Works
Advantages and Disadvantages of Dialysis
Kidney Transplants: The Process
Risks and Benefits of Kidney Transplants
The Role of Immunosuppressants in Transplants
The Importance of Water and Ion Balance
The Role of the Kidney in Removing Toxins
The Impact of Dehydration on the Kidneys
The Impact of Overhydration on the Kidneys
Homeostasis and Negative Feedback in Kidneys
The Effect of Alcohol on Kidney Function
The Effect of Caffeine on Kidney Function
The Role of the Kidney in Blood Pressure Regulation
The Use of Kidney Models in Biology
Common Misunderstandings About Kidney Function
Interpreting Data on Kidney Function
Examining Urine Samples in Experiments
The Evolutionary Adaptations of the Kidney
Comparing Human Kidneys to Animal Kidneys
The Role of the Kidney in pH Regulation
The Effect of Diet on Kidney Health
The Role of the Kidney in Excreting Drugs
The Role of the Kidney in Excreting Hormones
The Role of the Kidney in Excreting Metabolic Waste
The Link Between Diabetes and Kidney Disease
The Role of Artificial Kidneys in Medicine
The Impact of High Salt Intake on Kidneys
The Effect of High Protein Diets on Kidneys
The Role of the Kidney in Removing Ammonia
The Role of the Kidney in Vitamin D Activation
Unit 15
Micro-organisms and Applications
What Are Micro-organisms?
Types of Micro-organisms: Bacteria
Types of Micro-organisms: Viruses
Types of Micro-organisms: Fungi
Types of Micro-organisms: Protists
Characteristics of Bacteria
Characteristics of Viruses
Characteristics of Fungi
Characteristics of Protists
Conditions for Micro-organism Growth
The Role of Nutrients in Growth
The Effect of Temperature on Growth
The Effect of pH on Growth
The Effect of Oxygen on Growth
Aseptic Techniques in Microbiology
How to Safely Handle Micro-organisms
Sterilisation Techniques in the Lab
Using Agar Plates to Grow Micro-organisms
Measuring Micro-organism Growth
The Importance of Incubation Temperatures
Using a Light Microscope to Study Micro-organisms
Uses of Micro-organisms in Food Production
The Role of Yeast in Bread Making
The Role of Bacteria in Yogurt Production
The Role of Fungi in Cheese Production
Industrial Production of Antibiotics
Micro-organisms in Biotechnology
The Use of Micro-organisms in Medicine
Micro-organisms in Genetic Engineering
The Role of Micro-organisms in Waste Management
The Role of Micro-organisms in Biofuels
The Role of Micro-organisms in Bioremediation
The Role of Micro-organisms in Nitrogen Fixation
Harmful Micro-organisms: Pathogens
How Pathogens Cause Disease
Examples of Bacterial Diseases
Examples of Viral Diseases
Examples of Fungal Diseases
Examples of Protist Diseases
Preventing the Spread of Microbial Infections
Antibiotics and Their Action on Bacteria
Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Diseases
The Use of Antiseptics and Disinfectants
The Role of Micro-organisms in the Carbon Cycle
The Role of Micro-organisms in the Water Cycle
The Role of Micro-organisms in the Decomposition of Organic Matter
Ethical Issues in the Use of Micro-organisms
Evaluating Risks of Working with Micro-organisms
Interpreting Data on Micro-organism Growth
Common Exam Mistakes in Micro-organism Questions
Unit 16
Disease, Defence, and Treatment
Definition of Communicable Diseases
Examples of Communicable Diseases
Pathogens: Bacteria
Pathogens: Viruses
Pathogens: Fungi
Pathogens: Protists
Transmission of Pathogens
Direct Contact as a Transmission Method
Airborne Transmission of Pathogens
Waterborne Transmission of Pathogens
Vector Transmission of Pathogens
Preventing the Spread of Pathogens
The Body's First Line of Defence
Skin as a Physical Barrier
Role of Mucus and Cilia in Defence
Stomach Acid as a Defence Mechanism
The Immune System Overview
White Blood Cells and Their Role
Phagocytosis Process
Lymphocytes and Antibody Production
Antigens and Their Role in Immunity
Memory Cells and Long-Term Immunity
Vaccinations: How They Work
Examples of Common Vaccines
Herd Immunity and Its Importance
Antibiotics: Definition and Uses
How Antibiotics Work Against Bacteria
Antibiotic Resistance and Its Causes
Preventing Antibiotic Resistance
Antiviral Drugs and Their Uses
Painkillers vs. Antibiotics
Developing New Medicines
Preclinical Testing of Medicines
Clinical Trials and Their Phases
Placebo Effect in Drug Trials
Double-Blind Trials Explained
The Role of Monoclonal Antibodies
Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies in Medicine
Ethical Issues in Medicine Development
The Importance of Hygiene in Disease Control
Global Strategies for Disease Prevention
Case Study: Malaria and Its Prevention
Case Study: HIV/AIDS Transmission and Treatment
Case Study: Tuberculosis and Its Control
Future Developments in Disease Treatment
The Role of Lifestyle in Disease Prevention
Unit 17
Practical Skills and Investigations
What Makes a Good Hypothesis
Identifying Variables in Experiments
Independent, Dependent, and Control Variables
Planning a Scientific Investigation
Writing a Clear Aim for an Experiment
Creating a Step-by-Step Method
Choosing Appropriate Equipment
Measuring Quantities Accurately
Recording Data in Tables
Using Units Correctly in Measurements
Understanding Risk Assessments
Identifying Hazards in Experiments
Controlling Risks in the Lab
Repeats and Reliability in Experiments
The Importance of Fair Testing
Accuracy vs Precision in Measurements
Using Graphs to Present Data
Drawing Line Graphs Correctly
Interpreting Graphs in Biology
Spotting Patterns and Trends in Data
Calculating Averages from Results
Identifying Anomalous Results
Evaluating the Reliability of Results
Sources of Error in Experiments
Improving Experimental Methods
Drawing Conclusions from Data
Linking Results to Biological Concepts
Evaluating the Validity of Conclusions
The Role of Peer Review in Science
Using Scientific Terminology Accurately
Ethical Considerations in Biology Experiments
Using Models to Represent Biological Processes
Understanding the Importance of Reproducibility
Using Control Experiments Effectively
The Role of Random Sampling in Investigations
Measuring Biological Rates (e.g., Photosynthesis)
Using Indicators in Biological Experiments
Investigating Enzyme Activity
Investigating Osmosis in Plant Cells
Investigating Respiration Rates
Investigating the Effect of Light on Photosynthesis
Investigating Microbial Growth
Using Quadrats in Ecosystem Studies
Using Transects to Study Distribution
Calculating Percentage Change in Results
Understanding the Limitations of Data
Communicating Findings Clearly and Accurately
Unit 18
Archive
Animal and plant cells: structures and functions
Aerobic respiration: word and symbol equations
Why we need digestion (large to small soluble molecules)
The heart: structure, valves and blood flow
Plant organs and tissues (including xylem and phloem)
Food chains, food webs and trophic levels
Why classification is needed (species and biodiversity)
The cell cycle and why cells divide
DNA, genes and chromosomes
Types of variation: continuous vs discontinuous
The nervous system: receptors, coordinators and effectors
Excretion and the urinary system
Micro-organisms: useful vs harmful
Health and disease: communicable vs non-communicable
Planning investigations: variables, hypotheses and method design
Using a light microscope and drawing cells (required practical)
Anaerobic respiration in animals (lactic acid)
Nutrients and a balanced diet
Double circulation and why it’s efficient
Photosynthesis: equation, chloroplasts and limiting factors
Pyramids of numbers and pyramids of biomass
The five kingdoms and key characteristics
Mitosis: what happens and what it produces
Alleles, genotype and phenotype
Measuring variation in a population
Reflex actions and reflex arcs
Kidney structure and the nephron
Aseptic technique and safe culturing
Pathogens and how diseases spread
Risk assessment and safe practical work
Specialised cells, tissues, organs and organ systems
Anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms (fermentation)
Food tests (starch, sugars, protein, lipids)
Blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries
How plants use glucose (storage and making new materials)
Energy transfers and efficiency between trophic levels
Using classification keys
Growth, repair and differentiation
Variation: inherited vs environmental causes
Investigating variation in organisms (required practical)
The eye: structure and function
Filtration at the glomerulus
Factors affecting microbial growth
HIV/AIDS, chlamydia and malaria (cause, effects, prevention)
Collecting results: accuracy, precision and repeatability
Diffusion and factors affecting diffusion
The human respiratory system (airways to alveoli)
The digestive system: organs and their functions
Blood components and their functions
Investigating factors affecting photosynthesis (required practical)
Decomposition and the role of micro-organisms
Adaptations: structural, behavioural and functional
Cancer and uncontrolled cell division
Monohybrid inheritance and Punnett squares
Natural selection and adaptation
Hormones and the endocrine system
Selective reabsorption and urine formation
Temperature control in food storage
Physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucus, stomach acid)
Presenting data: tables, graphs and units
Osmosis in cells (including turgor and plasmolysis)
Ventilation: breathing in and out (mechanics)
Digestive enzymes (carbohydrase, protease, lipase)
Exchange at capillaries and in tissues
Transpiration and stomata
The carbon cycle
Competition and interactions in ecosystems
Stem cells: embryonic vs adult
Dominant and recessive genetic disorders
Speciation and extinction
Blood glucose control (insulin and glucagon)
Osmoregulation and the role of ADH
Antibiotics: what they do (and don’t do)
Immune response: phagocytes, antibodies and antitoxins
Analysing data: means, rates, % change and drawing conclusions
Active transport and why cells need it
Gas exchange at the alveoli (adaptations + diffusion)
Bile and emulsification
Cardiovascular disease and risk factors
Transport in plants: the transpiration stream
The nitrogen cycle (including soil bacteria)
Biodiversity and why it matters
Uses of stem cells in medicine
Sex determination and inheritance patterns
Evolution in action: resistance in bacteria and pests
Temperature regulation and negative feedback
Testing urine for glucose and protein (required practical)
Investigating antibiotics on bacterial growth (required practical)
Vaccination and herd immunity
Evaluating methods and improving reliability
Enzymes as biological catalysts
Comparing inspired and expired air
Absorption in the small intestine (villi)
Treatments for cardiovascular disease (stents, statins, transplants)
Factors affecting transpiration (required practical)
Sampling: quadrats, transects and random sampling
Measuring biodiversity (sampling methods)
Risks, ethics and regulation of stem cell research
Mutations: causes and consequences
Human evolution and evidence from fossils/DNA
Drugs and alcohol: effects on body processes
Dialysis: how it works and limitations
Industrial fermentation and bioreactors
Antibiotics, antivirals and resistance
Preparing for the WJEC practical task format
Factors affecting enzyme activity (temperature, pH, concentration)
Smoking and lung disease (tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide)
The products of digestion and how they’re used
Evaluating lifestyle changes and medical treatments
Mineral ions and deficiency symptoms (N, P, K)
Capture–recapture and estimating population size
Capture–recapture in practice
Tissue rejection and the need for matching
Using genetic evidence in medicine and society
The human genome and why it matters for medicine
Plant hormones and tropisms (phototropism and gravitropism)
Kidney transplants: tissue typing and rejection
Penicillium and producing penicillin
Developing new medicines: testing and clinical trials
Investigating enzyme action (required practical)
Investigating the energy content of foods (required practical)
Using fertilisers (NPK) and impacts on growth
Investigating distribution and abundance (required practical)
Biological control and introduced species risks
Investigating reaction time (required practical)
Evaluating risk, evidence and vaccination decisions
Human impacts: pollution, eutrophication, indicator species, intensive farming
Animal and plant cells: key structures and functions