Your journey to excellence in
By Revision Genie
Cell Level Systems
Unit 1
The Structure of Animal Cells
The Structure of Plant Cells
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
Using Light Microscopes
Electron Microscopy and Resolution
Functions of Sub-cellular Structures
DNA as a Double Helix Polymer
Nucleotides and Base Pairing in DNA
Protein Synthesis: Transcription
Protein Synthesis: Translation
Triplet Code and Amino Acids
Enzymes as Biological Catalysts
The Lock and Key Model of Enzymes
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Investigating Enzyme Activity
Aerobic Respiration: Word Equation
Anaerobic Respiration in Animals
Anaerobic Respiration in Plants and Fungi
ATP as an Energy Carrier
Respiration as an Exothermic Reaction
The Role of Sugars in Carbohydrates
Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis
Fatty Acids and Lipid Formation
Photosynthesis: Word Equation
Photosynthesis as an Endothermic Process
Chloroplasts and Photosynthetic Reactions
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis
Investigating Photosynthesis
Diffusion in Cells
Osmosis in Plant and Animal Cells
Active Transport Across Membranes
The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Cell Differentiation and Specialization
Stem Cells in Animals and Plants
Embryonic vs Adult Stem Cells
Surface Area to Volume Ratio in Cells
Gaseous Exchange in Multicellular Organisms
Structure of the Human Circulatory System
Adaptations of the Heart and Blood Vessels
Red Blood Cells and Plasma Functions
Water and Ion Uptake in Plants
Transpiration and Stomata Function
Structure of Xylem and Phloem
Environmental Factors Affecting Water Uptake
Using a Potometer to Measure Transpiration
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Compared
Misconceptions About Cellular Respiration
Key Features of Photosynthetic Organisms
Photosynthesis and Biomass Production
Unit 2
Scaling Up
Osmosis in Cells
Active Transport in Cells
Comparing Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport
The Importance of Water Potential
The Process of Mitosis
The Cell Cycle Stages
Cell Differentiation and Specialisation
Introduction to Stem Cells
Functions of Stem Cells
Meristems in Plants
Adaptations for Multicellular Organisms
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Exchange Surfaces in Multicellular Organisms
Substances Transported in Organisms
The Human Circulatory System
Structure of the Heart
Structure of Blood Vessels
Red Blood Cell Adaptations
Plasma and Its Functions
Root Hair Cell Adaptations
Water and Mineral Ion Uptake in Plants
Transpiration Process in Plants
Translocation in Plants
Environmental Factors Affecting Water Uptake in Plants
Using a Potometer to Investigate Transpiration
Exam Trap: Confusing Osmosis and Diffusion
Exam Trap: Misunderstanding Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Exam Trap: Misinterpreting Stem Cell Functions
Unit 3
Organism Level Systems
The Structure of the Nervous System
Sensory, Motor, and Relay Neurons
How the Nervous System Produces a Coordinated Response
The Reflex Arc and Its Function
The Structure and Function of the Eye
Common Defects of the Eye
Treatments for Eye Defects
The Structure and Function of the Brain
Challenges in Investigating Brain Function
Limitations in Treating Nervous System Damage
Hormonal Coordination in the Endocrine System
The Role of Thyroxine in Negative Feedback
The Role of Adrenaline in the Body
Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle
Interactions of Hormones in the Menstrual Cycle
Hormonal and Non-Hormonal Contraception Methods
Hormones in Treating Infertility
Plant Hormones and Their Role in Growth
Auxins in Phototropism and Gravitropism
Effects of Gibberellins and Ethene in Plants
Using Plant Hormones in Agriculture
Homeostasis and Internal Environment Regulation
Role of Skin in Temperature Control
Insulin and Blood Sugar Regulation
Glucagon and Insulin Interaction
Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes and Their Treatments
Osmotic Changes and Their Effects on Cells
Kidney Function in Water Balance
Gross Structure of the Kidney
ADH and Kidney Tubule Permeability
Body Responses to Temperature and Osmotic Challenges
Unit 4
Community Level Systems
Definition of Ecosystems
Material Cycling in Ecosystems
Role of Microorganisms in Decomposition
The Carbon Cycle
The Water Cycle
Factors Affecting Decomposition Rates
Levels of Organisation in Ecosystems
Abiotic Factors in Communities
Biotic Factors in Communities
Interdependence in Communities
Competition in Communities
Trophic Levels in Ecosystems
Producers and Consumers
Pyramids of Biomass
Biomass Transfer Efficiency
Impact of Biotic and Abiotic Factors on Communities
Adaptations of Organisms to Their Environment
Feeding Relationships in Ecosystems
Energy Flow in Food Chains
Impact of Removing Producers from Food Webs
Impact of Removing Top Predators from Food Webs
Stability of Ecosystems
Human Impact on Ecosystems
Positive Human Interactions with Ecosystems
Negative Human Interactions with Ecosystems
Effects of Land Use on Biodiversity
Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity
Conservation of Species and Habitats
Ecotourism and Biodiversity
Sampling Techniques in Ecology
Using Quadrats to Measure Abundance
Using Transects to Measure Distribution
Capture-Recapture Method
Estimating Population Sizes
Using Keys to Identify Species
Scaling Up Sampling Data
Environmental Changes and Organism Distribution
Fieldwork Techniques in Ecosystem Studies
Food Webs and Energy Transfer
Examining Real-Life Ecosystems
Common Misconceptions in Ecosystem Studies
Unit 5
Genes, Inheritance and Selection
Definition of Genes and Genome
Structure of DNA
Chromosomes and Their Role
Alleles: Dominant and Recessive
Genotype vs Phenotype
Homozygous and Heterozygous Explained
Mutations and Genetic Variants
Impact of Mutations on Phenotype
Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
Haploid and Diploid Cells
Meiosis and Genetic Variation
Single Gene Inheritance
Using Punnett Squares
Sex Determination in Humans
Multiple Genes and Phenotypic Traits
Mendel’s Contributions to Genetics
Natural Selection and Genetic Variation
Evolution by Natural Selection
Evidence for Evolution: Fossils
Antibiotic Resistance as Evolution Evidence
Darwin and Wallace’s Contributions to Evolution
Impact of Evolution on Modern Biology
Artificial and Natural Classification Systems
Molecular Phylogenetics and DNA Sequencing
Extinction and Environmental Changes
Speciation and Biodiversity
Examining Genetic Probability in Crosses
Common Misconceptions in Genetics
Environmental Pressures and Adaptation
Selective Breeding and Genetic Engineering
Unit 6
Global Challenges
Field Investigations in Ecology
Random Sampling Techniques
Using Quadrats Effectively
Transect Sampling Methods
Scaling Up Population Estimates
Positive Human Impacts on Biodiversity
Negative Human Impacts on Biodiversity
Conservation of Individual Species
Threats from Land Use and Hunting
Benefits of Ecotourism
Challenges in Global Biodiversity Agreements
Impact of Environmental Changes on Organisms
Factors Affecting Food Security
Changing Diets in Wealthier Populations
New Pests and Pathogens in Agriculture
Environmental Changes and Sustainability
Cost of Agricultural Inputs
Hydroponics for Food Production
Biological Control in Agriculture
Gene Technology in Agriculture
Selective Breeding in Plants and Animals
Genetic Engineering Process Overview
Restriction Enzymes and Sticky Ends
Role of Ligase in Genetic Engineering
Vectors in Genetic Engineering
Antibiotic Resistance Markers
Benefits of Gene Technology in Agriculture
Risks of Gene Technology in Agriculture
Biotechnological Solutions to Food Security
Human Health and Disease Relationship
Types of Diseases: Communicable vs Non-Communicable
Interactions Between Different Diseases
Spread of Communicable Diseases in Plants
Spread of Communicable Diseases in Animals
Preventing Disease Spread in Plants
Preventing Disease Spread in Animals
Common Human Infections
Common Plant Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Infections in Humans
Physical Plant Defence Mechanisms
Chemical Plant Defence Mechanisms
Laboratory Detection of Plant Diseases
Field Identification of Plant Diseases
White Blood Cells and Platelets Functions
Human Non-Specific Defence Systems
Role of the Immune System in Disease Defence
Monoclonal Antibodies Production
Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Vaccines and Medicines in Disease Prevention
Aseptic Techniques in Microbiology
Discovery and Development of New Medicines
Non-Communicable Diseases and Lifestyle Factors
Treatments for Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer and Uncontrolled Cell Growth
Stem Cells in Medicine
Gene Technology in Medicine
Unit 7
Practical Skills
Understanding Variables in Experiments
Independent, Dependent, and Control Variables
Formulating Hypotheses
Planning a Scientific Investigation
Selecting Appropriate Equipment
Using Scientific Diagrams and Labels
Safety in the Laboratory
Risk Assessment in Experiments
Recording Data in Tables
Using Units and Standard Form in Measurements
Understanding Accuracy and Precision
Minimizing Errors in Experiments
Repeatability and Reproducibility
Using Averages in Data Analysis
Plotting Graphs and Choosing Axes
Interpreting Graphs and Trends
Calculating Rates from Graphs
Using Scatter Graphs to Identify Correlations
Drawing Conclusions from Data
Evaluating Experimental Methods
Understanding Bias in Scientific Investigations
Using Mathematical Skills in Biology
Understanding the Importance of Sample Size
Using Percentages and Ratios in Biology
Calculating Uncertainty in Measurements
Using Statistical Tests in Biology
Presenting Data Effectively
Interpreting Data from Tables and Charts
Understanding and Using Biological Models
Using Microscopes in Practical Investigations
Preparing and Staining Microscopic Samples
Measuring Specimens Under a Microscope
Designing Experiments for Photosynthesis
Investigating Respiration Rates
Using Potometers to Measure Transpiration
Using Quadrats in Fieldwork
Estimating Population Sizes with Capture-Recapture
Investigating Decomposition Rates
Using Aseptic Techniques in Microbiology
Culturing Microorganisms Safely
Testing for Biological Molecules
Investigating Osmosis and Diffusion
Investigating the Effect of Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Dissecting and Examining Biological Structures
Using Scientific Keys for Identification
Investigating Plant Growth and Tropisms
Measuring Environmental Factors in Fieldwork
Examining Stomata Density in Leaves
Designing Experiments to Study Disease Spread
Investigating Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Understanding Experimental Controls
Common Exam Mistakes in Practical Questions
Unit 8
Archive
Using light microscopes, staining and calculating magnification
Diffusion, osmosis and active transport (including water potential)
The nervous system: neurones, synapses and communication
Ecosystems and levels of organisation (organism to ecosystem)
Chromosomes, genes and alleles: linking genotype to phenotype
Sampling in the field: random sampling, transects and estimating populations
Cell structures in plant, animal and prokaryotic cells (structure–function)
Osmosis practical: investigating mass change and interpreting results
Reflexes and reflex arcs (including reaction time investigations)
Biotic and abiotic factors affecting communities
The genome, environment and variation within a species
Human impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity
Electron microscopy and what it revealed about cells
The cell cycle, growth and mitosis
The brain and how damage affects function
Interdependence and competition (predation, mutualism and parasitism)
Mutations and how genetic variants can affect phenotype
Conservation strategies and the role of ecotourism
DNA structure: double helix, nucleotides and base pairing
Cell differentiation and specialised cells
The endocrine system: hormones as chemical messengers
Microorganisms and decomposition in ecosystems
Asexual vs sexual reproduction: processes and advantages
Measuring environmental change and interpreting ecological data
Protein synthesis: transcription, translation and the genetic code
Stem cells and meristems: roles and ethical considerations
Thyroxine and adrenaline (including negative feedback)
The carbon cycle and the water cycle
Meiosis and how it creates genetic variation
Food security: biological factors affecting supply and demand
Enzymes: active sites, specificity and how to investigate enzyme reactions
Surface area to volume ratio and why multicellular organisms need transport
Hormones in reproduction: menstrual cycle overview
Decomposition rates: aerobic vs anaerobic conditions and composting factors
Inheritance: dominant/recessive alleles and Punnett squares
Agricultural solutions: farming methods, hydroponics, fertilisers, pesticides and biological control
Factors affecting enzyme activity (temperature, pH, concentration) and rate data
The human circulatory system and double circulation
Controlling the menstrual cycle: FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone
Trophic levels, producers and consumers in food chains and webs
Using probability and ratios to predict outcomes of genetic crosses
Selective breeding and its impacts on food production
Cellular respiration: ATP, aerobic vs anaerobic (plants/fungi and animals)
The heart, blood vessels and blood (adaptations for transport)
Contraception and fertility treatments (including IVF)
Pyramids of biomass and where biomass is lost between trophic levels
Sex determination in humans
Genetic engineering in agriculture: key steps and evaluating risks/benefits
Biological molecules: carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (monomers and polymers)
Plant uptake and transport: root hairs, xylem, phloem and translocation
Plant hormones: auxins and tropisms; uses of plant growth regulators
Efficiency of biomass transfer and why food chains are limited in length
Polygenic inheritance and complex traits
Health and disease: communicable vs non-communicable, and disease interactions
Photosynthesis: process, required experiments and limiting factors
Transpiration: stomata, factors affecting water uptake and potometers
Homeostasis: temperature control, blood glucose and water balance (kidneys and ADH)
Natural selection, evolution and evidence (including antibiotic resistance)
Preventing/treating disease: plant defences, immunity, vaccines, medicines, lifestyle