Law

Jurisdiction of the High Court Divisions

Pre-Trial Procedures in Civil Cases

The Three Tracks in Civil Cases

Appeals in Civil Cases

Role and Function of Employment Tribunals

Alternative Dispute Resolution: Negotiation

Alternative Dispute Resolution: Mediation

Alternative Dispute Resolution: Conciliation

Alternative Dispute Resolution: Arbitration

Advantages of Civil Courts vs ADR

Disadvantages of Civil Courts vs ADR

Jurisdiction of the Magistrates' Court

Jurisdiction of the Crown Court

Classification of Criminal Offences

Pre-Trial Procedures for Criminal Cases

Appeals in Criminal Cases

Aims of Sentencing Under Criminal Justice Act 2003

Types of Sentences for Adults

Role and Selection of Lay Magistrates

Role and Selection of Juries in Criminal Cases

Advantages of Juries in Criminal Trials

Disadvantages of Juries in Criminal Trials

Roles of Barristers in the Legal System

Roles of Solicitors in the Legal System

Roles of Legal Executives

Regulation of Legal Professions

Types of Judges and Their Roles

Separation of Powers in the Judiciary

Judicial Independence: Security of Tenure

Judicial Independence: Immunity from Suit

Judicial Independence: Independence from Government

Judicial Independence: Independence from Cases

Evaluation of Judicial Independence

Government Funding for Civil Legal Aid

Government Funding for Criminal Legal Aid

Private Funding and Conditional Fee Agreements

Role of Citizens Advice in Legal Aid

Role of Law Centres in Legal Aid

Role of Pro Bono Units in Legal Aid

Role of Trade Unions in Legal Aid

Role of Insurance Companies in Legal Aid

Impact of Legal Aid Budget Cuts

Evaluation of Access to Justice in England and Wales

Sources of Criminal Law

Elements of Criminal Liability

The Burden of Proof

Standard of Proof in Criminal Cases

Aims and Purpose of Criminal Law

Principles of Criminal Law

Actus Reus: Conduct Crimes

Actus Reus: Consequence Crimes

Voluntary Acts and Omissions

Involuntariness in Criminal Law

Factual Causation in Criminal Cases

Legal Causation and Breaking the Chain

Mens Rea: Intention

Mens Rea: Subjective Recklessness

Mens Rea: Negligence

Strict Liability Offences

Transferred Malice Doctrine

Coincidence of Actus Reus and Mens Rea

Definition and Elements of Murder

Loss of Control Defence

Diminished Responsibility Defence

Unlawful Act Manslaughter

Gross Negligence Manslaughter

Definition and Actus Reus of Assault

Mens Rea of Assault

Actus Reus and Mens Rea of Battery

Actual Bodily Harm (ABH) Offence

Grievous Bodily Harm (GBH) Under s20

Grievous Bodily Harm (GBH) Under s18

Definition and Elements of Theft

Actus Reus and Mens Rea of Theft

Definition and Elements of Robbery

Actus Reus and Mens Rea of Robbery

Definition and Elements of Burglary

Actus Reus and Mens Rea of Burglary

Insanity Defence: M'Naghten Rules

Automatism Defence: Non-Insane Automatism

Voluntary and Involuntary Intoxication

Self-Defence: Reasonable Force

Duress by Threats Defence

Duress of Circumstances Defence

Necessity Defence in Criminal Law

Consent Defence: Rules and Application

Preliminary Offences: Attempts

Impossibility in Criminal Attempts

Evaluation of Non-Fatal Offences

Evaluation of Intoxication Defence

Evaluation of Self-Defence

Evaluation of Consent Defence

Ideas for Reform in Criminal Law

Different Types of Bills: Public, Private, and Private Members’ Bills

Stages of Legislation in the House of Commons

Stages of Legislation in the House of Lords

The Role of the Crown in Legislation

Advantages of the Legislative Process

Disadvantages of the Legislative Process

Types of Delegated Legislation: Orders in Council

Types of Delegated Legislation: Statutory Instruments

Types of Delegated Legislation: By-laws

Parliamentary Controls on Delegated Legislation

Judicial Controls on Delegated Legislation

Reasons for Using Delegated Legislation

Advantages of Delegated Legislation

Disadvantages of Delegated Legislation

The Literal Rule in Statutory Interpretation

The Golden Rule in Statutory Interpretation

The Mischief Rule in Statutory Interpretation

The Purposive Approach in Statutory Interpretation

Intrinsic Aids to Statutory Interpretation

Extrinsic Aids to Statutory Interpretation

Impact of EU Law on Statutory Interpretation

Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on Statutory Interpretation

Advantages of Different Rules of Statutory Interpretation

Disadvantages of Different Rules of Statutory Interpretation

The Doctrine of Judicial Precedent: Stare Decisis

Ratio Decidendi and Obiter Dicta

The Hierarchy of Courts in Judicial Precedent

Binding, Persuasive, and Original Precedents

Methods of Avoiding Precedent: Overruling

Methods of Avoiding Precedent: Reversing

Methods of Avoiding Precedent: Distinguishing

Advantages of Judicial Precedent

Disadvantages of Judicial Precedent

Political Influences on Law Reform

Public Opinion and Media Influence on Law Reform

Pressure Groups and Lobbyists in Law Reform

Role of the Law Commission in Law Reform

Advantages of Influences on Law Reform

Disadvantages of Influences on Law Reform

Institutions of the European Union: European Commission

Institutions of the European Union: European Parliament

Institutions of the European Union: Council of the EU

Institutions of the European Union: Court of Justice of the EU

Sources of EU Law: Treaties

Sources of EU Law: Regulations

Sources of EU Law: Directives

Impact of EU Law on UK Sovereignty

Aims of Tort Law

Protected Interests in Tort

Negligence: Duty of Care

The Neighbour Principle

The Caparo Test

Robinson v Chief Constable (2018)

Negligence: Breach of Duty

The Reasonable Man Standard

Risk Factors in Negligence

Negligence: Damage and Causation

Factual Causation in Negligence

Legal Causation in Negligence

Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957

Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984

Liability to Lawful Visitors

Liability to Trespassers

Defences in Occupiers’ Liability

Private Nuisance: Elements and Claims

Unreasonable Interference in Nuisance

Defences in Private Nuisance

Rylands v Fletcher: Definition and Elements

Defences in Rylands v Fletcher

Vicarious Liability: Nature and Purpose

Tests for Employment Status

Liability for Torts in Employment

Closely Connected Torts

Contributory Negligence as a Defence

Volenti Non Fit Injuria

Defences Specific to Nuisance

Defences Specific to Rylands v Fletcher

Compensatory Damages in Tort

Mitigation of Loss in Tort

Injunctions as a Remedy

Evaluation of Negligence Law

Evaluation of Occupiers’ Liability

Evaluation of Vicarious Liability

The Compensation Culture Debate

Comparing Tort and Contract Law

Comparing Tort and Criminal Law

Critical Evaluation of Tort Law

Differences Between Legal Rules and Norms

Connections Between Law and Morality

Connections Between Law and Justice

Civil Law vs Criminal Law

Development of English Law: Custom

Development of English Law: Common Law

Development of English Law: Statute Law

Definition and Importance of the Rule of Law

Core Elements of the Rule of Law

Distinction Between Law and Morals

Diversity of Moral Views in Society

Relationship Between Law and Morals

Legal Enforcement of Moral Values

Legal Positivism vs Natural Law

Devlin-Hart Debate on Morality and Law

Evaluation of Law and Morality

Meaning of Justice in Law

Theories of Justice in Law

Extent to Which Law Achieves Justice

Evaluation of Law and Justice

Role of Law in Society

Law as a Social Control Mechanism

Law Creating Consensus and Managing Conflict

Media Influence and Moral Panic in Law

Consensus Theory in Law

Conflict Theory in Law

Labelling Theory in Law

Realist Approach to Law Making

Left Realism vs Right Realism in Law

Evaluation of Law and Society

Universality and Inalienability of Rights

Interdependence and Indivisibility of Rights

Dignity and Pluralism in Human Rights

Constitutional Theories Supporting Human Rights

Rule of Law and Human Rights

Proportionality in Human Rights Interpretation

Margin of Appreciation Doctrine

History of the European Convention on Human Rights

European Court of Human Rights Role

Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998

Human Rights in Devolved Governments

Article 5: Right to Liberty and Security

Article 6: Right to a Fair Trial

Article 8: Right to Respect for Private and Family Life

Article 10: Freedom of Expression

Article 11: Freedom of Assembly

Restrictions Allowed Under ECHR Articles

Public Order Offences and Human Rights

Police Powers Impacting Articles 5 and 6

Interception of Communications and Article 8

Duty of Confidentiality and Articles 8 and 10

Obscenity and Article 10 Restrictions

Defamation and Article 10 Restrictions

Trespass and Article 11 Restrictions

Harassment and Article 10 Restrictions

Role of Domestic Courts in Human Rights Enforcement

Judicial Review for Human Rights Cases

Procedure for Cases at the ECtHR

Critical Evaluation of Article 5 Protections

Critical Evaluation of Article 6 Protections

Critical Evaluation of Article 8 Protections

Critical Evaluation of Article 10 Protections

Critical Evaluation of Article 11 Protections

Criticisms of the Human Rights Act 1998

Proposals for a UK Bill of Rights

Essential Elements of a Contract

Offer in Contract Law

Acceptance in Contract Law

Rules of Communication in Acceptance

Revocation of an Offer

Intention to Create Legal Relations

Domestic vs Commercial Agreements

Presumptions in Intention to Create Legal Relations

Consideration in Contract Law

Adequacy and Sufficiency of Consideration

Past Consideration Explained

Pre-existing Duties and Consideration

Privity of Contract