Explore
A-LevelEduqas
Business
Exam Questions
What Enterprise MeansNewWhat SMEs AreNewNeeds, Wants and Business OpportunitiesNewSpotting Business Opportunities in Real MarketsNewThe Entrepreneur’s Role in Starting UpNewThe Entrepreneur’s Role in Running and Growing a BusinessNewFinancial Motives of EntrepreneursNewNon-Financial Motives of EntrepreneursNewEntrepreneurial Skills and CharacteristicsNewWhy Entrepreneurs Matter to the UK EconomyNewEntrepreneurs and SMEs in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary SectorsNewHow SMEs Affect Other BusinessesNewHow SMEs Affect the Wider EconomyNewWho Stakeholders AreNewStakeholder Groups in a Small Business ContextNewHow Stakeholders Are Affected by Business DecisionsNew
Why Businesses Write Business PlansNewThe Main Sections of a Business PlanNewInterpreting a Business Plan for a Start-UpNewStrengths and Limitations of Business PlansNewUsing Business Plans to Attract FinanceNewUsing Business Plans to Reduce RiskNewSources of Advice and Guidance for EntrepreneursNewUsing Market Information in a Business PlanNewUsing Cost and Revenue Estimates in a Business PlanNewEvaluating the Importance of Planning for SMEsNew
What a Market IsNewWhat Competition Means in BusinessNewLocal and Global MarketsNewMass and Niche MarketsNewTrade and Consumer MarketsNewProduct and Service MarketsNewSeasonal Markets and Demand PatternsNewMarket Size, Market Share and Market GrowthNewReading and Interpreting Market Trend DataNewMarket Segmentation: What It IsNewHow Markets Are SegmentedNewWhy Segmentation Matters to BusinessesNewImpacts of Segmentation on CustomersNewMarket Structures: Perfect CompetitionNewMarket Structures: Monopolistic CompetitionNewMarket Structures: OligopolyNewMarket Structures: MonopolyNewHow Market Structure Shapes Business BehaviourNewWhy Consumers May Need ProtectionNewDemand, Supply and Equilibrium: Key IdeasNewShifts in Demand: Causes and EffectsNewShifts in Supply: Causes and EffectsNewDrawing and Interpreting Demand and Supply DiagramsNewChanges in Equilibrium Price and QuantityNewPrice and Income Elasticity as ConceptsNewInferior, Normal and Luxury GoodsNew
What Market Research IsNewWhy Businesses Carry Out Market ResearchNewPrimary vs Secondary ResearchNewQualitative vs Quantitative DataNewPrimary Research Methods Businesses UseNewSecondary Research Sources Businesses UseNewChoosing the Right Research Method for a ScenarioNewReliability, Validity and Bias in Market ResearchNewInterpreting Quantitative Research FindingsNewInterpreting Qualitative Research FindingsNewWhat Sampling MeansNewRandom Sampling vs Quota SamplingNewSampling Bias and How to Reduce ItNewHow Useful Sampling Is for Business DecisionsNewEvaluating Market Research for Different StakeholdersNew
Private Sector vs Public SectorNewPrivate Sector Aims: SurvivalNewPrivate Sector Aims: GrowthNewPrivate Sector Aims: ProfitNewPublic Sector Aims and the Role of Government ProvisionNewComparing Public and Private Sector RolesNewSole Traders: Features and SuitabilityNewPartnerships: Features and SuitabilityNewPrivate Limited Companies: Features and SuitabilityNewPublic Limited Companies: Features and SuitabilityNewUnlimited Liability vs Limited LiabilityNewChoosing a Legal Structure: Key FactorsNewPros and Cons of Different Legal StructuresNewNot-for-Profit Organisations: Core FeaturesNewSocial EnterprisesNewCharitiesNewCo-operatives and SocietiesNewHow Legal Structure Affects StakeholdersNew
Location Decisions for New Businesses: The Main FactorsNewAnalysing Location Factors for Different Business NeedsNewOnline vs Physical Location DecisionsNewLocation Trade-Offs and Opportunity CostNewEvaluating Location Options for a Start-UpNewHow Location Affects Costs, Revenue and CompetitivenessNewLocation and Stakeholders: Winners and LosersNew
Why SMEs Need FinanceNewInternal vs External Finance for SMEsNewOwner’s Capital for Start-UpsNewBank Loans for SMEsNewOverdrafts for SMEsNewTrade Credit for SMEsNewCrowdfunding and Other Modern Funding RoutesNewBusiness Angels and Venture Capital for SMEsNewLeasing for SMEsNewGrants and Other Support Schemes (as finance sources)NewChoosing Finance: Cost, Risk and ControlNewAdvantages and Disadvantages of Each Finance SourceNewEvaluating the Best Finance Mix for a ScenarioNew
Revenue, Costs and Profit: DefinitionsNewFixed CostsNewVariable CostsNewSemi-Variable CostsNewDirect CostsNewIndirect and Overhead CostsNewTotal CostsNewCalculating RevenueNewCalculating Total CostsNewCalculating ProfitNewInterpreting Revenue, Cost and Profit FiguresNewImpacts of Changing Costs and Revenues on ProfitNewStakeholder Impacts of Profit ChangesNewWhat Contribution MeansNewBreak-Even: What It MeansNewCalculating Break-Even Using ContributionNewDrawing and Interpreting Break-Even ChartsNewMargin of SafetyNewShowing Cost/Revenue Changes on Break-Even ChartsNewBreak-Even “What-If” AnalysisNewLimits of Break-Even AnalysisNew
The Purpose of MarketingNewWhy Marketing Matters for Different Types of BusinessNewMarket OrientationNewProduct OrientationNewAsset-Led MarketingNewThe Marketing Mix: OverviewNewProduct: Product, Brand, USP and DifferentiationNewProduct Portfolio BasicsNewThe Product Life Cycle: StagesNewDrawing and Interpreting the Product Life CycleNewExtension Strategies on the Product Life CycleNewProduct Life Cycle and Cash Flow LinksNewUsing the Product Life Cycle in Different MarketsNewEvaluating the Product Life Cycle as a ToolNewThe Boston Matrix: Stars, Cash Cows, Problem Children, DogsNewUsing the Boston Matrix to Manage a PortfolioNewEvaluating the Boston Matrix as a ToolNewPricing Strategies: Penetration PricingNewPricing Strategies: Price SkimmingNewPricing Strategies: Cost-Plus PricingNewPricing Strategies: Competitive PricingNewPricing Strategies: Psychological PricingNewPricing Strategies: Contribution-Based PricingNewChoosing Pricing for Different Business ContextsNewPromotion: What It MeansNewAbove-the-Line PromotionNewBelow-the-Line PromotionNewChoosing Promotions for Different SituationsNewPlace: Distribution ChannelsNewMulti-Channel DistributionNewChoosing the Right Distribution ChannelNewGlobal Marketing and Global BrandsNewAdapting the Marketing Mix to Different ContextsNewNew Technology in Marketing: Digital Media and Social MediaNewE-tailing and M-commerceNewHow Technology Changes High Street BusinessesNewEvaluating Technology’s Impact on Marketing and StakeholdersNew
What the Finance Department DoesNewWhat a Budget IsNewWhy Businesses Use BudgetsNewBenefits and Drawbacks of BudgetingNewSources of Finance for Large and Established BusinessesNewInternal Finance for Larger BusinessesNewExternal Finance: Overdrafts and LoansNewExternal Finance: Share CapitalNewExternal Finance: Venture CapitalNewExternal Finance: LeasingNewExternal Finance: Trade CreditNewExternal Finance: Debt FactoringNewChoosing Appropriate Sources of FinanceNewCash Flow: What It MeansNewWhat a Cash Flow Forecast IsNewConstructing a Cash Flow ForecastNewInterpreting Cash Flow ForecastsNewCauses of Cash Flow ProblemsNewImproving Cash Flow: Practical StrategiesNewEvaluating Cash Flow Improvement StrategiesNewBenefits and Limitations of Cash Flow ForecastingNewThe Income Statement: Purpose and LayoutNewGross Profit and Net Profit CalculationsNewImproving Profit: Methods and Trade-OffsNewProfitability Ratios: Gross Profit MarginNewProfitability Ratios: Net Profit MarginNewUsing Profitability Ratios to Assess PerformanceNew
What the HR Function DoesNewFlexible Workforce: What It MeansNewFlexible Hours and Part-Time WorkNewTemporary Work, Job Sharing and Multi-SkillingNewZero Hours Contracts and Hot-DeskingNewHome Working and Hybrid WorkingNewHow Technology Changes Working PracticesNewImpacts of Flexible Working on EmployeesNewImpacts of Flexible Working on EmployersNew
Workforce Planning: What It MeansNewWhy Skills and Staffing Levels MatterNewInternal vs External RecruitmentNewJob AnalysisNewJob DescriptionNewPerson SpecificationNewThe Recruitment Process Step-by-StepNewSelection Methods: InterviewsNewSelection Methods: Work TrialsNewSelection Methods: Testing and Selection ExercisesNewSelection Methods: Telephone InterviewsNewMatching Selection Methods to Job RolesNewWhy Recruitment Decisions Matter to StakeholdersNewTraining: What It IsNewInduction TrainingNewOn-the-Job TrainingNewOff-the-Job TrainingNewApprenticeshipsNewEvaluating Training Costs and BenefitsNew
Appraisal: What It IsNewAppraisal Methods: Superior’s AssessmentNewAppraisal Methods: Peer AssessmentNewAppraisal Methods: Self-AssessmentNewAppraisal Methods: 360 Degree FeedbackNewHow Appraisal Benefits Employees and EmployersNewWorkforce Performance: What It MeansNewLabour Productivity: Meaning and ImportanceNewAbsenteeism: Meaning and ImpactNewLabour Turnover: Meaning and ImpactNewCalculating Labour ProductivityNewCalculating Labour TurnoverNewInterpreting Workforce Performance MeasuresNew
Organisational Design: Meaning and PurposeNewAuthority and ResponsibilityNewChain of Command and HierarchyNewSpan of Control and DelegationNewCentralisation vs DecentralisationNewEmpowerment and DelayeringNewHierarchical Structures: Tall vs FlatNewMatrix Structures: Features and UsesNewPros and Cons of Changing StructuresNewEmpowerment vs Control: Choosing an ApproachNewMotivation: Meaning and BenefitsNewTaylor’s Scientific ManagementNewMayo and Human RelationsNewMaslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsNewHerzberg’s Two-Factor TheoryNewExpectancy Theories: Vroom, Porter and LawlerNewFinancial Motivation: Piece Rate, Commission, Bonuses, SalaryNewProfit Sharing, Share Ownership and PRPNewNon-Financial Motivation: Consultation and Job DesignNewJob Enlargement, Rotation and EnrichmentNewTeam Working and Flexible Working as MotivationNewChoosing Motivation Methods for Different ContextsNewManagement: Meaning, Functions and RolesNewManagement by Objectives (MBO)NewMcGregor’s Theory X and Theory YNewLeadership: Meaning and PurposeNewLeadership Styles: Autocratic, Democratic, PaternalisticNewLeadership Styles: Bureaucratic, Laissez-FaireNewLeadership Theories: FiedlerNewLeadership Theories: Wright and TaylorNewChoosing Leadership Styles for Business SituationsNew
Employer/Employee Relationships: What They AreNewDuties and Rights at WorkNewContracts of EmploymentNewHealth and Safety ResponsibilitiesNewMinimum Wage and Dismissal BasicsNewEqual Opportunities: What It MeansNewImpacts of Equal Opportunities on Employers and EmployeesNewTrade Unions and Collective BargainingNewPros and Cons of Trade UnionsNewCauses of Employer/Employee ConflictNewTrade Disputes and Industrial ActionNewResolving Conflict: Negotiation and ConsultationNewThe Role of ACASNewImpacts of Conflict and Resolution on StakeholdersNew
Production Methods: Job ProductionNewProduction Methods: Batch ProductionNewProduction Methods: Flow ProductionNewChoosing the Best Production MethodNewProductivity: What It MeansNewMeasuring ProductivityNewWays to Increase ProductivityNewImpacts of Productivity ChangesNewCapacity Utilisation: What It IsNewCalculating Capacity UtilisationNewInterpreting Capacity Utilisation ResultsNewCapacity Utilisation: Impacts on StakeholdersNew
Technology in Operations: OverviewNewInformation Technology in OperationsNewCAD: Computer-Aided DesignNewCAM: Computer-Aided ManufacturingNewRobotics and AutomationNewStakeholder Impacts of New TechnologyNewLean Production: What It MeansNewKaizen and Continuous ImprovementNewJust-in-Time in Lean ProductionNewCell ProductionNewTime-Based ManagementNewEvaluating Lean Production in Real BusinessesNew
Quality: What It MeansNewWhy Quality MattersNewQuality Control vs Quality AssuranceNewTotal Quality Management (TQM): OverviewNewQuality ChainsNewEmpowerment and Teamwork in TQMNewZero Defects and Quality CirclesNewBenchmarking for Quality ImprovementNewEvaluating the Value of Quality SystemsNewPurchasing and Working with SuppliersNewStock Control: Meaning and PurposeNewProblems of Too Much vs Too Little StockNewTraditional Stock Control MethodsNewJIT Stock ControlNewComputerised Stock ControlNewInterpreting Stock Control DiagramsNewRe-order Level, Lead Time, Buffer Stock and Minimum Stock LevelNew
Innovation, Research and Development: DefinitionsNewThe Product Design and Development ProcessNewCosts of Innovation and R&DNewBenefits of Innovation and R&DNewEvaluating R&D DecisionsNewEconomies of Scale: What They AreNewInternal Economies of Scale: TypesNewExternal Economies of ScaleNewHow Economies of Scale Lower Unit CostsNewDiseconomies of Scale: CausesNewProblems from Internal Diseconomies of ScaleNewWhy Small Firms SurviveNewEvaluating Scale Effects on StakeholdersNew
Analysing Quantitative Market Research DataNewAnalysing Qualitative Market Research DataNewTurning Research into Strategic InsightNewPrice Elasticity of Demand: CalculationsNewIncome Elasticity of Demand: CalculationsNewInterpreting Elasticity ValuesNewElasticity and Revenue ImpactsNewPrice Changes and Revenue: EvaluationNewIncome Changes and Revenue: EvaluationNew
What Sales Forecasting IsNewWhy Businesses Forecast SalesNewReliability of Forecasts: Main InfluencesNewQuantitative vs Qualitative ForecastingNewThree-Point Moving Average: CalculationNewTime Series Analysis: InterpretationNewScatter Graphs and Lines of Best FitNewCorrelation: Positive, Negative and NoneNewExtrapolation for Predicting Future ValuesNewUsing Forecasts to Plan Capacity and StockNewQualitative Methods: IntuitionNewQualitative Methods: BrainstormingNewQualitative Methods: Delphi MethodNewPros and Cons of Qualitative ForecastingNewEvaluating Forecasting for StakeholdersNew
What a Budget Variance IsNewCalculating Budget VariancesNewAnalysing Budget OutcomesNewUsing Variances to Improve PerformanceNewBalance Sheet: Purpose and LayoutNewWorking Capital: Meaning and CalculationNewCapital Employed: Meaning and CalculationNewDepreciation: Straight Line MethodNewInterpreting Balance Sheet InformationNewROCE: Calculation and InterpretationNewCurrent Ratio: Calculation and InterpretationNewAcid Test Ratio: Calculation and InterpretationNewGearing Ratio: Calculation and InterpretationNewUsing Income Statements and Balance Sheets TogetherNewComparing Accounts Over TimeNewComparing Accounts Between BusinessesNewEvaluating Financial Position OverallNewWindow Dressing and Limits of AccountsNewExternal Factors Affecting Accounts (Demand and Inflation)New
Objectives and Strategy: The LinkNewStrategy: What It Means in BusinessNewCorporate Strategy vs Divisional StrategyNewFunctional StrategyNewStrategy vs TacticsNewCorporate Plans: Purpose and ContentNewSWOT Analysis: Building a SWOTNewSWOT Analysis: Using SWOT to Make DecisionsNewPorter’s Five Forces: OverviewNewApplying Five Forces to a MarketNewEvaluating Strategy and Corporate PlansNewAnsoff Matrix: Understanding the Four StrategiesNewApplying Ansoff to a Business ContextNewEvaluating the Usefulness of AnsoffNewHorizontal Integration: Meaning and RationaleNewVertical Integration: Meaning and RationaleNewPros and Cons of Horizontal and Vertical IntegrationNewOrganic Growth vs External GrowthNewPros and Cons of Organic GrowthNewMergers and Takeovers: EvaluationNewFranchising as a Growth MethodNewComparing Growth Methods for a ScenarioNewRationalisation: Meaning and ReasonsNewLocation/Relocation Decisions in StrategyNewEvaluating Relocation and Rationalisation ImpactsNewOutsourcing Production: Meaning and MotivesNewEvaluating Outsourcing: For and AgainstNew
Strategic, Tactical and Operational DecisionsNewWhy Decision-Making Is Central to BusinessNewScientific vs Intuitive Decision ToolsNewDecision Trees: Purpose and UseNewConstructing Decision TreesNewInterpreting Decision Tree OutcomesNewEvaluating Decision Trees: Strengths and WeaknessesNewCritical Path Analysis (CPA): Purpose and UseNewCompleting CPA DiagramsNewInterpreting CPA ResultsNewEvaluating CPA: Strengths and WeaknessesNewCost Benefit Analysis (CBA): Purpose and UseNewCarrying Out CBA Step-by-StepNewInterpreting CBA OutcomesNewEvaluating CBA: Strengths and WeaknessesNewChoosing the Best Tool for a DecisionNewInformation Technology in Decision-MakingNew
What Investment Appraisal IsNewWhy Businesses Use Investment AppraisalNewPayback: Calculating in Years and MonthsNewPayback: Interpreting and Decision RulesNewARR: CalculationNewARR: Interpretation and Decision RulesNewDiscounted Cash Flow: Core IdeaNewNPV: Using Discount FactorsNewNPV: Interpretation and Decision RulesNewComparing Payback, ARR and NPVNewQuantitative vs Qualitative Factors in Investment DecisionsNewMaking Recommendations Using Investment DataNew
Why Businesses Experience ChangeNewInternal Causes of ChangeNewExternal Causes of ChangeNewPlanned Change vs Unplanned ChangeNewImpacts of Change on Production Methods and EquipmentNewImpacts of Change on Product DevelopmentNewLegal Compliance as a Driver of ChangeNewRetraining and Workforce ChangesNewFinding New Markets After ChangeNewWhy Managing Change MattersNewStorey’s Four Approaches to Managing ChangeNewWhy People Resist ChangeNewLewin’s Three-Step Change ProcessNewOrganisational Culture and ChangeNewLeadership’s Role in Managing ChangeNewEvaluating Whether Change Management WorkedNewChange Impacts on StakeholdersNew
What Business Risk IsNewNatural Disaster RisksNewTechnology and Equipment Failure RisksNewEmployee Error RisksNewSupply Chain RisksNewEconomic RisksNewLegal RisksNewPR RisksNewProduct Failure RisksNewLikelihood vs Impact in Risk DecisionsNewRisk Assessment as a Prevention ToolNewPreventative Actions: Practical ExamplesNewInsurable vs Uninsurable RiskNewContingency Planning: What It IsNewCrisis Management: What It IsNewContingency Funds and Financial ResilienceNewAlternative Production ArrangementsNewAllocating Responsibilities During CrisesNewManaging Public Relations in a CrisisNewEvaluating Risk ResponsesNewImportance of Risk Management for StakeholdersNew
How Political Factors Affect BusinessNewGovernment and a Stable Business FrameworkNewTaxation and Subsidies: Business ImpactsNewFiscal Policy and Business DecisionsNewMonetary Policy and Business DecisionsNewWhy Governments Regulate BusinessNewGovernment as a Major PurchaserNewEvaluating Government–Business RelationshipsNew
How Economic Factors Affect BusinessNewEconomic Growth and GDPNewThe Business Cycle: Boom, Recession and RecoveryNewInflation: Meaning, Measurement and CausesNewInterest Rates and Business ActivityNewExchange Rates and Import/Export CompetitivenessNewUnemployment and Business ImpactsNewEvaluating Economic Impacts on StakeholdersNew
Business Ethics: MeaningNewEthical Issues: EnvironmentNewEthical Issues: Animal RightsNewEthical Issues: Treatment of WorkersNewEthical Issues: Supplier RelationshipsNewEthical Issues: Customer TreatmentNewCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR): MeaningNewEthics vs Profitability: Managing Trade-OffsNewProfit Impacts of Ethical ObjectivesNewEvaluating a Business’s Ethics from Stakeholder ViewsNew
The Purpose of Business Law and RegulationNewCompany Law: Key Areas for BusinessesNewEmployment and Anti-Discrimination Law: Core IssuesNewConsumer Protection: Why It MattersNewCompetition Policy: Preventing Unfair PracticeNewHealth and Safety: Business ResponsibilitiesNewData Protection: Business ResponsibilitiesNewIntellectual Property: Protecting Ideas and BrandsNewMinimum Wage: Impacts on Business DecisionsNewEvaluating How Legislation Affects StakeholdersNew
Environmental Costs: Air, Water and Noise PollutionNewEnvironmental Costs: Climate ChangeNewEnvironmental Costs: CongestionNewEnvironmental Costs: Habitat DestructionNewEnvironmental Costs: Waste DisposalNewGovernment Intervention to Control Environmental CostsNewPressure Groups and Business BehaviourNewEducation and Changing Consumer ExpectationsNewHow Businesses Respond to Environmental IssuesNewEvaluating Business Impacts on the EnvironmentNewEnvironmentally Friendly Policies: Costs and BenefitsNew
What International Trade IsNewWhy Countries and Firms TradeNewFree Trade: Meaning and EffectsNewProtectionism: Meaning and ReasonsNewTariffs and QuotasNewTrading Blocs and Single MarketsNewFree Trade vs Protectionism: Stakeholder EvaluationNewChallenges of Entering International MarketsNewEvaluating Whether to Expand InternationallyNew
Globalisation: What It MeansNewGlobal Markets and Developing MarketsNewDrivers of Globalisation: Technology and CommunicationNewDrivers of Globalisation: Liberalised TradeNewDrivers of Globalisation: The InternetNewDrivers of Globalisation: Transport CostsNewDrivers of Globalisation: Converging TastesNewGlobalisation’s Impacts: Competition and GrowthNewStrategies for Global Growth: Global BrandingNewStrategies for Global Growth: External GrowthNewChoosing Target Markets InternationallyNewEvaluating Global Growth StrategiesNewBenefits for UK Businesses in Global MarketsNewDifficulties for UK Businesses in Global MarketsNewGlocalisation: Adapting to Local NeedsNewEvaluating Globalisation for UK StakeholdersNewMultinational Companies: What They AreNewWhy Multinationals ExistNewEvaluating Becoming a MultinationalNewImpacts of Multinationals on Host CountriesNew
The EU: Nature and PurposeNewThe Single European Market: What It MeansNewFree Movement of Goods, Labour and CapitalNewEU Legislation, Regulations and StandardsNewEvaluating EU Impacts on Businesses and StakeholdersNewThe Euro: What It IsNewThe Eurozone: What It IsNewCosts and Benefits of the Euro for BusinessesNewImpacts for UK Businesses of EU and Eurozone MembershipNewImpacts of Non-MembershipNew
