Edexcel · A-Level
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Mass Markets Characteristics
1Mass Markets CharacteristicsRead next2Niche Markets CharacteristicsRead next3Market Size and Market ShareRead next4Role of Brands in MarketsRead next5Dynamic Markets OverviewRead next6Impact of Online RetailingRead next7Innovation and Market GrowthRead next8Adapting to Market ChangesRead next9Competition in MarketsRead next10Risk vs Uncertainty in BusinessRead next11Product Orientation vs Market OrientationRead next12Primary Market Research MethodsRead next13Secondary Market Research MethodsRead next14Limitations of Market ResearchRead next15Role of ICT in Market ResearchRead next16Market Segmentation TechniquesRead next17Market Mapping and PositioningRead next18Competitive Advantage StrategiesRead next19Purpose of Product DifferentiationRead next20Adding Value to Products and ServicesRead next21Factors Affecting DemandRead next22Factors Affecting SupplyRead next23Supply and Demand InteractionRead next24Supply and Demand DiagramsRead next25Price Elasticity of Demand CalculationRead next26Factors Influencing Price ElasticityRead next27Price Elasticity and Total RevenueRead next28Income Elasticity of Demand CalculationRead next29Factors Influencing Income ElasticityRead next30Significance of Income ElasticityRead next31Design Mix ElementsRead next32Ethical Trends in Product DesignRead next33Types of Promotion MethodsRead next34Types of BrandingRead next35Benefits of Strong BrandingRead next36Building a Brand StrategiesRead next37Social Trends in Branding and PromotionRead next38Types of Pricing StrategiesRead next39Choosing Appropriate Pricing StrategiesRead next40Social Trends in PricingRead next41Distribution Channels OverviewRead next42Online Distribution TrendsRead next43Product Life Cycle StagesRead next44Extension Strategies for ProductsRead next45Boston Matrix and Product PortfolioRead next46Marketing Strategies for Mass MarketsRead next47Marketing Strategies for Niche MarketsRead next48Business-to-Business MarketingRead next49Business-to-Consumer MarketingRead next50Building Customer LoyaltyRead next51Staff as an Asset vs CostRead next52Flexible Workforce TypesRead next53Dismissal vs RedundancyRead next54Employer-Employee RelationshipsRead next55Recruitment and Selection ProcessRead next56Costs of Recruitment and TrainingRead next57Types of Training MethodsRead next58Organisational Structures OverviewRead next59Impact of Organisational StructuresRead next60Motivation Theories OverviewRead next61Financial Incentives for MotivationRead next62Non-Financial Motivation TechniquesRead next63Distinction Between Leadership and ManagementRead next64Types of Leadership StylesRead next65Role of Entrepreneurs in BusinessRead next66Barriers to EntrepreneurshipRead next67Risk and Uncertainty in EntrepreneurshipRead next68Entrepreneurial Motives and CharacteristicsRead next69Business Objectives OverviewRead next70Forms of Business OwnershipRead next71Franchising and Social EnterprisesRead next72Growth to Public Limited CompanyRead next73Opportunity Cost in Business DecisionsRead next74Trade-Offs in Business ChoicesRead next75Challenges of Transitioning to LeadershipRead next
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Internal Sources of Finance
1Internal Sources of FinanceRead next2External Sources of FinanceRead next3Methods of External FinanceRead next4Limited and Unlimited LiabilityRead next5Finance for Different Business StructuresRead next6Purpose of a Business PlanRead next7Cash Flow ForecastsRead next8Limitations of Cash Flow ForecastsRead next9Purpose of Sales ForecastingRead next10Factors Affecting Sales ForecastsRead next11Difficulties of Sales ForecastingRead next12Calculating Sales Revenue and CostsRead next13Contribution and Break-Even PointRead next14Margin of Safety CalculationRead next15Interpreting Break-Even ChartsRead next16Limitations of Break-Even AnalysisRead next17Purpose of BudgetsRead next18Types of BudgetsRead next19Variance Analysis in BudgetsRead next20Challenges in BudgetingRead next21Gross Profit CalculationRead next22Operating Profit CalculationRead next23Net Profit CalculationRead next24Profitability RatiosRead next25Improving ProfitabilityRead next26Profit vs Cash DifferencesRead next27Liquidity RatiosRead next28Improving LiquidityRead next29Working Capital ManagementRead next30Internal Causes of Business FailureRead next31External Causes of Business FailureRead next32Methods of ProductionRead next33Factors Influencing ProductivityRead next34Labour vs Capital Intensive ProductionRead next35Capacity Utilisation FormulaRead next36Under- and Over-Utilisation ImpactsRead next37Improving Capacity UtilisationRead next38Stock Control DiagramsRead next39Buffer Stocks and Their RoleRead next40Just-in-Time Stock ManagementRead next41Waste Minimisation TechniquesRead next42Lean Production AdvantagesRead next43Quality Control MethodsRead next44Total Quality Management (TQM)Read next45Kaizen and Continuous ImprovementRead next46Economic Influences on BusinessRead next47Impact of Inflation on BusinessRead next48Exchange Rate Changes and BusinessRead next49Interest Rate Impacts on BusinessRead next50Taxation and Government Spending EffectsRead next51Business Cycle ImpactsRead next52Economic Uncertainty EffectsRead next53Legislation Affecting BusinessesRead next54Consumer Protection LawsRead next55Employee Protection LawsRead next56Environmental Protection LawsRead next57Competition Policy EffectsRead next58Health and Safety RegulationsRead next59Competitive Environment FactorsRead next
Corporate Objectives and Mission Statements
1Corporate Objectives and Mission StatementsRead next2Critical Appraisal of Mission StatementsRead next3Ansoff’s Matrix for Corporate StrategyRead next4Porter’s Strategic MatrixRead next5Portfolio Analysis and Competitive AdvantageRead next6Strategic vs Tactical DecisionsRead next7SWOT Analysis: Strengths and WeaknessesRead next8SWOT Analysis: Opportunities and ThreatsRead next9PESTLE Analysis and Its ComponentsRead next10Porter’s Five Forces ModelRead next11Understanding Economies of ScaleRead next12Internal and External Economies of ScaleRead next13Objectives and Benefits of Business GrowthRead next14Challenges of Business GrowthRead next15Mergers and Takeovers: Definitions and DifferencesRead next16Horizontal and Vertical IntegrationRead next17Financial Risks and Rewards of MergersRead next18Challenges of Rapid GrowthRead next19Organic Growth: Methods and EvaluationRead next20Staying Small: Advantages and StrategiesRead next21Quantitative Sales Forecasting TechniquesRead next22Moving Averages and Time-Series AnalysisRead next23Scatter Graphs and ExtrapolationRead next24Limitations of Sales ForecastingRead next25Investment Appraisal: Payback PeriodRead next26Investment Appraisal: Average Rate of ReturnRead next27Investment Appraisal: Net Present ValueRead next28Limitations of Investment Appraisal TechniquesRead next29Constructing Decision TreesRead next30Interpreting Decision Tree OutcomesRead next31Limitations of Decision TreesRead next32Critical Path Analysis: Purpose and ConceptsRead next33Calculating Earliest Start and Latest Finish TimesRead next34Identifying the Critical Path and Total FloatRead next35Limitations of Critical Path AnalysisRead next36Corporate Timescales: Short-Termism vs Long-TermismRead next37Evidence-Based vs Subjective Decision MakingRead next38Corporate Culture: Strong vs Weak CulturesRead next39Types of Corporate CulturesRead next40Formation and Challenges of Changing Corporate CultureRead next41Stakeholders vs Shareholders: Objectives and ConflictsRead next42Trade-Offs Between Profit and EthicsRead next43Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)Read next44Interpreting Financial StatementsRead next45Gearing Ratio: Calculation and InterpretationRead next46Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)Read next47Limitations of Financial Ratio AnalysisRead next48Labour Productivity: Calculation and ImprovementRead next49Labour Turnover and Retention StrategiesRead next50Managing Change: Causes and EffectsRead next51Key Factors in Managing ChangeRead next52Resistance to Change: Causes and ManagementRead next53Scenario Planning and Risk AssessmentRead next54Business Continuity and Succession PlanningRead next
What is Globalisation?
1What is Globalisation?Read next2Economic Growth in Emerging MarketsRead next3Comparing Growth Rates: UK vs Emerging EconomiesRead next4Implications of Economic Growth for BusinessesRead next5Indicators of Economic Growth (GDP, HDI)Read next6The Role of International Trade in Business GrowthRead next7Specialisation and Competitive AdvantageRead next8Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Business GrowthRead next9Factors Driving GlobalisationRead next10Trade Liberalisation and Political ChangeRead next11The Role of Technology in GlobalisationRead next12Global Labour Force and MigrationRead next13Structural Economic Changes and GlobalisationRead next14Understanding ProtectionismRead next15Tariffs and Import QuotasRead next16Domestic Subsidies and Trade BarriersRead next17Trading Blocs: An OverviewRead next18Impact of Trading Blocs on BusinessesRead next19Push Factors for International TradeRead next20Pull Factors for International TradeRead next21Offshoring vs OutsourcingRead next22Extending the Product Life Cycle GloballyRead next23Assessing a Country as a MarketRead next24Key Factors in Selecting a Production LocationRead next25Global Mergers and Joint VenturesRead next26Reasons for Global Mergers or Joint VenturesRead next27Exchange Rates and Global CompetitivenessRead next28Cost Competitiveness vs DifferentiationRead next29Skill Shortages and International CompetitivenessRead next30Global Marketing StrategiesRead next31What is Glocalisation?Read next32Ethnocentric, Geocentric, and Polycentric ApproachesRead next33Adapting the Marketing Mix for Global MarketsRead next34Niche Markets in a Global ContextRead next35Cultural Diversity in Global MarketingRead next36Social and Cultural Factors in MarketingRead next37Challenges of Language and Translation in MarketingRead next38The Role of Multinational Corporations (MNCs)Read next39Impact of MNCs on Local EconomiesRead next40Impact of MNCs on National EconomiesRead next41Technology and Skills Transfer by MNCsRead next42Ethical Issues in Global BusinessRead next43Stakeholder Conflicts in Global BusinessRead next44Environmental Considerations for MNCsRead next45Supply Chain Ethics and Labour ExploitationRead next46Marketing Ethics in a Global ContextRead next47Controlling Multinational CorporationsRead next48Political and Legal Controls on MNCsRead next49The Role of Pressure Groups and Social MediaRead next
Mass markets vs niche markets
1Mass markets vs niche marketsRead next2What demand means for businessesRead next3The design mix: functionRead next4Seeing staff as an assetRead next5Why motivation matters for business performanceRead next6What entrepreneurs do when creating a businessRead next7Internal finance: owner’s capital and personal savingsRead next8Why businesses produce sales forecastsRead next9Gross profit: calculation and meaningRead next10Job production: features and suitable productsRead next11Inflation and business costs/pricing decisionsRead next12Corporate aims vs corporate objectivesRead next13Why businesses pursue growthRead next14Time series analysis: what it’s used forRead next15Short-termism vs long-termism in corporate planningRead next16Income statement: key information for stakeholdersRead next17Causes of change: growth in organisational sizeRead next18Comparing UK growth to emerging economiesRead next19Push factors for global trade: saturated home marketsRead next20Global marketing strategy vs localisationRead next21How MNCs affect local wages and working conditionsRead next22Characteristics of mass marketsRead next23How substitutes affect demandRead next24The design mix: aestheticsRead next25Seeing staff as a costRead next26Taylor and scientific managementRead next27Setting up a business: key start-up decisionsRead next28Internal finance: retained profitRead next29Consumer trends and forecast accuracyRead next30Operating profit: calculation and meaningRead next31Batch production: features and suitable productsRead next32Consumer Prices Index (CPI) and measuring inflationRead next33Building objectives from a mission statementRead next34Economies of scale: internalRead next35Moving averages (three period/four quarter): calculationRead next36Evidence-based decision-making vs subjective judgementRead next37Income statement: different stakeholder interestsRead next38Causes of change: poor business performanceRead next39Rising economic power in Asia, Africa and beyondRead next40Push factors for global trade: intense competitionRead next41Glocalisation: balancing global scale with local needsRead next42How MNCs affect local job creationRead next43Characteristics of niche marketsRead next44How complementary goods affect demandRead next45The design mix: cost constraintsRead next46Why firms build a flexible workforceRead next47Mayo and human relations theoryRead next48Running a business: day-to-day prioritiesRead next49Internal finance: selling assetsRead next50Economic variables and forecast accuracyRead next51Profit for the year (net profit): calculation and meaningRead next52Flow production: features and suitable productsRead next53Exchange rates: appreciation and depreciationRead next54Critically appraising mission statementsRead next55Economies of scale: externalRead next56Interpreting moving averages for forecastingRead next57Strong vs weak corporate culturesRead next58Statement of financial position: key informationRead next59Causes of change: new ownershipRead next60Economic growth and trade opportunities for firmsRead next61Pull factors: economies of scale from bigger marketsRead next62Ethnocentric (domestic) marketing approachRead next63How MNCs affect local businesses and competitionRead next64Market size vs market shareRead next65How income changes affect demandRead next66Designing for waste minimisation, re-use and recyclingRead next67Multi-skilling: benefits and drawbacksRead next68Maslow and hierarchy of needsRead next69Expanding a business: growth decisionsRead next70External finance: family and friendsRead next71Competitors’ actions and forecast accuracyRead next72Income statement: what it shows stakeholdersRead next73Cell production: features and suitable productsRead next74Exchange rates and import/export competitivenessRead next75Ansoff’s Matrix: market penetrationRead next76Growth and market power over suppliers and customersRead next77Scatter graphs: plotting data correctlyRead next78Power culture: features and implicationsRead next79Statement of financial position: different stakeholder interestsRead next80Causes of change: transformational leadershipRead next81Economic growth and changing employment patternsRead next82Pull factors: spreading risk across marketsRead next83Geocentric (mixed) marketing approachRead next84How MNCs affect communities and the environmentRead next85What a brand is and why it mattersRead next86How tastes, fashion and preferences affect demandRead next87Ethical sourcing and product design decisionsRead next88Part-time and temporary work: benefits and drawbacksRead next89Herzberg and two-factor theoryRead next90Intrapreneurship and innovation within firmsRead next91External finance: bank financeRead next92Why sales forecasting is difficultRead next93Gross profit margin: calculation and interpretationRead next94Productivity: calculating output per input over timeRead next95Interest rates and consumer/business borrowingRead next96Ansoff’s Matrix: market developmentRead next97Growth and market share/brand recognitionRead next98Line of best fit and extrapolationRead next99Role culture: features and implicationsRead next100Gearing ratio: calculation and meaningRead next101Causes of change: market and external factors (PESTLE)Read next102GDP per capita as a growth indicatorRead next103Offshoring vs outsourcing: meanings and differencesRead next104Polycentric (international) marketing approachRead next105FDI flows and the national economyRead next106Dynamic markets and why they changeRead next107How advertising and branding affect demandRead next108Types of promotion: above-the-line vs below-the-lineRead next109Flexible hours and home working: impacts on performanceRead next110Piecework pay: when it motivatesRead next111Barriers to entrepreneurshipRead next112Peer-to-peer funding: how it worksRead next113Calculating sales volumeRead next114Operating profit margin: calculation and interpretationRead next115Factors influencing productivityRead next116Taxation and government spending: demand effectsRead next117Ansoff’s Matrix: product developmentRead next118Growth and profitabilityRead next119Limitations of quantitative sales forecastingRead next120Task culture: features and implicationsRead next121ROCE: calculation and meaningRead next122Effects of change on competitivenessRead next123Literacy as a development indicatorRead next124Extending the product life cycle through international salesRead next125Adapting the marketing mix (4Ps) for global marketsRead next126Balance of payments impacts of MNC activityRead next127Online retailing and its impact on marketsRead next128Demographics and shifting patterns of demandRead next129Types of branding: product vs corporateRead next130Outsourcing: why firms do it and the risksRead next131Commission: when it motivatesRead next132How entrepreneurs anticipate risk and uncertaintyRead next133Business angels: role and expectationsRead next134Calculating sales revenueRead next135Net profit margin: calculation and interpretationRead next136Productivity and competitiveness linkRead next137The business cycle and sales/profit impactsRead next138Ansoff’s Matrix: diversificationRead next139Diseconomies of scale and rising unit costsRead next140Simple payback: calculation and interpretationRead next141Person culture: features and implicationsRead next142Using ratios to judge performance and riskRead next143Effects of change on productivityRead next144Health as a development indicatorRead next145Assessing a country market: disposable income levelsRead next146Using Ansoff’s Matrix for global growth decisionsRead next147Technology and skills transfer from MNCsRead next148Innovation as a driver of market growthRead next149External shocks and sudden demand changesRead next150How strong branding adds valueRead next151Dismissal vs redundancy: key distinctionsRead next152Bonuses and performance targetsRead next153Entrepreneurial skills and personal characteristicsRead next154Crowdfunding: types and suitabilityRead next155Fixed costs vs variable costsRead next156Ways to improve profitability (revenue and cost actions)Read next157Efficiency and minimum average costRead next158Economic uncertainty and business decision-makingRead next159Porter’s Strategic Matrix: cost leadershipRead next160Communication problems as firms growRead next161Average rate of return (ARR): calculation and interpretationRead next162How corporate culture is formedRead next163Limitations of ratio analysisRead next164Effects of change on financial performanceRead next165Human Development Index (HDI) as a development indicatorRead next166Assessing a country market: disposable income growthRead next167Cultural diversity and different consumer valuesRead next168Impacts on consumers: choice, price, standardsRead next169How businesses adapt to changing marketsRead next170Seasonality and predictable demand swingsRead next171Branding and charging premium pricesRead next172Employer–employee relationships: individual approachRead next173Profit share and aligning staff goalsRead next174Financial motives: profit maximisationRead next175Finance from other businesses: partnerships and investmentRead next176Calculating total costs from fixed and variable costsRead next177Profit vs cash: why profitable firms can failRead next178Factors influencing efficiencyRead next179Consumer protection laws and business operationsRead next180Porter’s Strategic Matrix: differentiationRead next181Overtrading and cash-flow pressureRead next182Discounted cash flow and Net Present Value (NPV)Read next183Why changing culture is difficultRead next184Labour productivity: calculation and interpretationRead next185Effects of change on stakeholdersRead next186Exports vs imports: meaning and examplesRead next187Ease of doing business as an entry factorRead next188Features of global niche marketsRead next189Impacts on business culture and management practiceRead next190How competition affects marketsRead next191What supply means for businessesRead next192Branding and reducing price elasticityRead next193Employer–employee relationships: collective bargainingRead next194Performance-related pay: benefits and drawbacksRead next195Financial motives: profit satisficingRead next196Loans: features and implicationsRead next197Contribution: calculating contribution per unitRead next198Statement of financial position: what it showsRead next199Labour-intensive vs capital-intensive productionRead next200Employee protection laws and staffing costsRead next201Porter’s Strategic Matrix: focus strategiesRead next202Mergers vs takeovers: key differencesRead next203Interpreting investment appraisal results for decisionsRead next204Internal stakeholders and their objectivesRead next205Labour turnover and retention: calculation and meaningRead next206Culture as a key factor in managing changeRead next207Specialisation and competitive advantageRead next208Infrastructure as a market entry factorRead next209Adapting the 4Ps for global niche marketsRead next210Tax revenues and transfer pricing issuesRead next211Risk vs uncertainty in business decisionsRead next212How production costs affect supplyRead next213Building a brand using USPs and differentiationRead next214The recruitment and selection process: stagesRead next215Delegation as a motivational toolRead next216Non-financial motives: ethical stanceRead next217Share capital: how it raises fundsRead next218Break-even: what it means for riskRead next219Current ratio: calculation and interpretationRead next220Capacity utilisation: calculation and interpretationRead next221Environmental protection laws and complianceRead next222Portfolio analysis: what it is trying to achieveRead next223Reasons firms merge or takeoverRead next224Limitations of investment appraisal methodsRead next225External stakeholders and their objectivesRead next226Absenteeism: calculation and meaningRead next227Organisation size and change complexityRead next228Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and business growthRead next229Political stability as a market entry factorRead next230Cultural differences and marketing riskRead next231Stakeholder conflicts in global operationsRead next232Product orientation vs market orientationRead next233New technology and changes in supplyRead next234Advertising as a brand-building toolRead next235Internal vs external recruitment: pros and consRead next236Consultation and employee voiceRead next237Non-financial motives: social entrepreneurshipRead next238Venture capital: what investors wantRead next239Calculating break-even point using contributionRead next240Acid test ratio: calculation and interpretationRead next241Under-utilisation: implications and costsRead next242Competition policy and market behaviourRead next243Distinctive capabilities and competitive advantageRead next244Horizontal integration: aims and examplesRead next245Decision trees: structure and key termsRead next246Stakeholder approach vs shareholder approachRead next247Financial rewards to improve productivity and retentionRead next248Time and speed of change: risks and benefitsRead next249Trade liberalisation and reduced barriersRead next250Exchange rate considerations for market entryRead next251Different tastes and product adaptationRead next252Pay and working conditions: ethical challengesRead next253Primary research: methods and usesRead next254Indirect taxes and supply decisionsRead next255Sponsorship and brand associationRead next256Costs of recruitment and selectionRead next257Empowerment and ownership of workRead next258Non-financial motives: independence and home workingRead next259Overdrafts: flexibility and riskRead next260Margin of safety: calculation and meaningRead next261Ways to improve liquidityRead next262Over-utilisation: implications and risksRead next263Health and safety regulation and operating costsRead next264Strategic vs tactical decisions: what changesRead next265Vertical integration: aims and examplesRead next266Calculating expected values in decision treesRead next267Conflicts between profit objectives and wider objectivesRead next268Employee share ownership and motivationRead next269Managing resistance to change: why people resistRead next270Political change and openness to tradeRead next271Assessing a production location: production cost factorsRead next272Language issues and communication barriersRead next273Environmental impacts: emissions and regulationRead next274Secondary research: sources and usesRead next275Subsidies and their impact on supplyRead next276Social media for brand buildingRead next277Costs of training and developmentRead next278Team working and motivationRead next279Business objectives: survivalRead next280Leasing: benefits and drawbacksRead next281Break-even charts: drawing and interpretingRead next282Working capital: what it is and why it mattersRead next283Ways to improve capacity utilisationRead next284Competition and market size in the competitive environmentRead next285Strategy decisions and human resources needsRead next286Financial risks and rewards of mergers/takeoversRead next287Interpreting decision tree outcomesRead next288Ethical trade-offs in strategic decisionsRead next289Consultation strategies to improve engagementRead next290Risk assessment: identifying key risksRead next291Lower transport costs and global supply chainsRead next292Labour skills and availability in production decisionsRead next293Unintended meanings in brandingRead next294Environmental impacts: waste disposal and complianceRead next295Quantitative vs qualitative market research dataRead next296External shocks and supply disruptionRead next297Viral marketing and why it worksRead next298Induction training: purpose and examplesRead next299Flexible working and work–life balanceRead next300Business objectives: profit maximisationRead next301Trade credit: managing supplier financeRead next302Limitations of break-even analysis in real firmsRead next303Managing working capital: stock, debtors and creditorsRead next304Stock control diagrams: interpreting the graphRead next305Strategy decisions and physical resources needsRead next306Problems of rapid growth and integrationRead next307Limitations of decision treesRead next308Pay and rewards: ethical debates and impactsRead next309Empowerment strategies to reduce turnover/absenteeismRead next310Natural disasters and business disruptionRead next311Lower communication costs and global coordinationRead next312Infrastructure for efficient production and distributionRead next313Inaccurate translation and brand damageRead next314Supply chain ethics: exploitation of labourRead next315Using research to identify customer needs and wantsRead next316How supply and demand interact to set priceRead next317Emotional branding and customer attachmentRead next318On-the-job training: purpose and examplesRead next319Job enrichment and responsibilityRead next320Business objectives: sales maximisationRead next321Grants: conditions and limitationsRead next322Why businesses set budgetsRead next323Internal causes of business failure (financial)Read next324Buffer stocks: purpose and costRead next325Strategy decisions and financial resources needsRead next326Organic vs inorganic growth: what’s the differenceRead next327Critical Path Analysis (CPA): purpose and useRead next328Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): meaning and aimsRead next329IT systems failure and business disruptionRead next330Growth of transnational companies and market powerRead next331Location within a trade bloc and tariff advantagesRead next332Inappropriate branding and promotion and backlashRead next333Supply chain ethics: child labour risksRead next334Using research to estimate demandRead next335Drawing supply and demand diagrams accuratelyRead next336Cost plus pricing and calculating mark-upRead next337Off-the-job training: purpose and examplesRead next338Job rotation and skill developmentRead next339Business objectives: market shareRead next340Limited vs unlimited liability: what it meansRead next341Historical budgets: strengths and weaknessesRead next342External causes of business failure (financial)Read next343Problems caused by poor stock controlRead next344SWOT analysis: strengths and weaknessesRead next345Organic growth methods (new products, new outlets, etc.)Read next346Building a simple network diagramRead next347Loss of key staff and business disruptionRead next348Increased FDI flows and capital movementRead next349Government incentives to attract productionRead next350Marketing ethics: misleading labellingRead next351Using research to understand consumer behaviourRead next352Interpreting price changes using diagramsRead next353Price skimming: when it fits and whyRead next354Organisational structure: hierarchy and levelsRead next355Job enlargement and task varietyRead next356Business objectives: cost efficiencyRead next357How liability affects finance choicesRead next358Zero-based budgets: strengths and weaknessesRead next359Internal causes of business failure (non-financial)Read next360Just-in-time stock management: benefits and risksRead next361SWOT analysis: opportunities and threatsRead next362Advantages of organic growthRead next363Identifying the critical pathRead next364Risk mitigation: business continuity planningRead next365Migration and labour market changeRead next366Political stability and operating riskRead next367Marketing ethics: inappropriate promotional activityRead next368Sampling, sample size, and why bias happensRead next369Calculating price elasticity of demand (PED)Read next370Penetration pricing: when it fits and whyRead next371Chain of command and accountabilityRead next372Management vs leadership: key differencesRead next373Business objectives: employee welfareRead next374What a business plan needs to show for financeRead next375Variance analysis: favourable vs adverse variancesRead next376External causes of business failure (non-financial)Read next377Waste minimisation and cost competitivenessRead next378PESTLE analysis: what each factor meansRead next379Disadvantages of organic growthRead next380Calculating earliest start timesRead next381Risk mitigation: succession planningRead next382Growth of the global labour force and competitionRead next383Natural resources and supply securityRead next384Political influence of MNCs and policy pressureRead next385Limitations of market research in real decisionsRead next386Interpreting PED values (elastic vs inelastic)Read next387Predatory pricing: aims and risksRead next388Span of control and management effectivenessRead next389Autocratic leadership: when it worksRead next390Business objectives: customer satisfactionRead next391Cash-flow forecasts: reading inflows and outflowsRead next392Why budgeting is difficult in dynamic marketsRead next393Lean production as a competitive advantageRead next394A changing competitive environment and strategyRead next395Why some businesses choose to stay smallRead next396Calculating latest finish timesRead next397Structural change in economies and industriesRead next398Expected return on investment (ROI) in location choiceRead next399Legal controls over MNC behaviourRead next400Using ICT for market research: websites and analyticsRead next401Factors that influence PEDRead next402Competitive pricing: markets where it fitsRead next403Centralisation vs decentralisationRead next404Paternalistic leadership: when it worksRead next405Business objectives: social objectivesRead next406Cash-flow forecasts: changing variables and recalculatingRead next407Quality control: inspection and consistencyRead next408Porter’s Five Forces: threat of new entrantsRead next409Survival through differentiation and USPsRead next410Calculating total floatRead next411Protectionism: what it is and why it happensRead next412Reasons for global mergers and joint venturesRead next413Pressure groups and reputational riskRead next414Using ICT for market research: social media insightsRead next415Why PED matters for pricing decisionsRead next416Psychological pricing and consumer behaviourRead next417Tall structures: advantages and disadvantagesRead next418Democratic leadership: when it worksRead next419Sole trader: features and suitabilityRead next420Cash-flow forecasts: uses and limitationsRead next421Quality assurance: systems and preventionRead next422Porter’s Five Forces: bargaining power of suppliersRead next423Flexibility and speed of response as an advantageRead next424Limitations of Critical Path AnalysisRead next425Tariffs and how they affect businessesRead next426Spreading risk across countries/regionsRead next427Social media and public accountability for MNCsRead next428Using ICT for market research: databases and big dataRead next429PED and total revenue: calculating the relationshipRead next430Choosing a pricing strategy: role of differentiationRead next431Flat structures: advantages and disadvantagesRead next432Laissez-faire leadership: when it worksRead next433Partnership: features and suitabilityRead next434Quality circles: staff involvement in improvementRead next435Porter’s Five Forces: bargaining power of customersRead next436Customer service as a competitive strategyRead next437Import quotas and their impact on competitionRead next438Entering new markets and trade blocs quicklyRead next439Market segmentation: what it is and why firms do itRead next440Calculating income elasticity of demand (YED)Read next441Choosing a pricing strategy: role of PEDRead next442Matrix structures: advantages and disadvantagesRead next443Private limited company: features and suitabilityRead next444Total Quality Management (TQM): whole-business focusRead next445Porter’s Five Forces: threat of substitutesRead next446E-commerce enabling small business survivalRead next447Other trade barriers: regulation and standardsRead next448Acquiring brand names and patents internationallyRead next449Market mapping: building and reading a perceptual mapRead next450Interpreting YED values (normal vs inferior)Read next451Choosing a pricing strategy: role of competitionRead next452How structure affects efficiencyRead next453Franchising: how it worksRead next454Kaizen and continuous improvementRead next455Porter’s Five Forces: competitive rivalryRead next456Domestic subsidies and competitive effectsRead next457Securing resources and supplies through integrationRead next458Competitive advantage in a product or serviceRead next459Factors that influence YEDRead next460Choosing a pricing strategy: role of brand strengthRead next461How structure affects motivationRead next462Social enterprise: aims and structureRead next463Quality management as a source of competitive advantageRead next464Trading blocs: why they formRead next465Maintaining or increasing global competitivenessRead next466Product differentiation: purpose and methodsRead next467Why YED matters for market planningRead next468Choosing a pricing strategy: role of product life cycleRead next469Lifestyle businesses: aims and trade-offsRead next470EU single market: key business impactsRead next471Exchange rate movements and competitivenessRead next472Adding value: how firms justify higher pricesRead next473Choosing a pricing strategy: role of costs and profit needRead next474Online businesses: opportunities and risksRead next475ASEAN: key business impactsRead next476Competing on cost in global marketsRead next477Online sales and how pricing changesRead next478Growth to PLC and stock market flotationRead next479NAFTA: key business impactsRead next480Competing through differentiation in global marketsRead next481Price comparison sites and pressure on pricingRead next482Opportunity cost in business choicesRead next483How trading blocs affect business decisionsRead next484Skill shortages and global competitivenessRead next485Distribution channels: direct vs indirectRead next486Trade-offs in real business decisionsRead next487Online distribution and route-to-market changeRead next488Moving from entrepreneur to leader: why it’s difficultRead next489Switching from product to service: distribution implicationsRead next490The product life cycle: stages and sales/profit patternsRead next491Extension strategies: product changesRead next492Extension strategies: promotional changesRead next493Boston Matrix: stars, cash cows, question marks, dogsRead next494Managing a product portfolio using the Boston MatrixRead next495Marketing strategies for mass marketsRead next496Marketing strategies for niche marketsRead next497B2B vs B2C marketing: key differencesRead next498Consumer behaviour and building customer loyaltyRead next
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