topic 1a,b Flashcards

A single, small molecule that can join with others to form a polymer.

A large molecule made up of repeating monomer units joined by covalent bonds.

A reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and the elimination of a water molecule.

A reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules using a water molecule.

A monosaccharide with the hydroxyl group (-OH) on carbon 1 below the plane of the ring.

A monosaccharide with the hydroxyl group (-OH) on carbon 1 above the plane of the ring.

A polysaccharide made of α-glucose; used for energy storage in plants. Consists of amylose and amylopectin.

A polysaccharide made of α-glucose; used for energy storage in animals. Highly branched for rapid hydrolysis.

A polysaccharide made of β-glucose; provides structural support in plant cell walls. Contains hydrogen bonds between chains.

A test for reducing sugars. Positive result: brick-red precipitate forms.

Test for non-reducing sugars. Requires hydrolysis with acid, neutralisation, then Benedict's test.

A test for starch. Positive result: blue-black colour forms.

A lipid made of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids joined by ester bonds.

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms.

A fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

A lipid made of one glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. Forms bilayers in cell membranes.

A test for lipids. Positive result: cloudy white emulsion forms when ethanol and water are added.

A small, basic molecular unit that can join with others to form a polymer.

A large molecule made from many similar or identical monomers joined together by covalent bonds.

A reaction that joins two molecules together, forming a chemical bond and releasing a molecule of water.

A reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules using a molecule of water.

A monosaccharide with the hydroxyl group (-OH) on carbon 1 below the plane of the ring.

A monosaccharide with the hydroxyl group (-OH) on carbon 1 above the plane of the ring.

Starch is made of α-glucose. It is insoluble, compact, and consists of amylose (unbranched, coiled) and amylopectin (branched for rapid hydrolysis). Used for energy storage in plants.

Glycogen is made of α-glucose. It is highly branched for rapid hydrolysis, compact, and insoluble. Used for energy storage in animals.

Cellulose is made of β-glucose. It forms straight chains linked by hydrogen bonds to provide strength and rigidity to plant cell walls.

Add Benedict's reagent and heat. A positive result forms a brick-red precipitate.

First hydrolyse with dilute acid, neutralise with alkali, then perform Benedict's test. Positive result: brick-red precipitate.

Add iodine solution. Positive result: blue-black colour forms.

A lipid made of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids joined by ester bonds formed in condensation reactions.

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.

A fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.

A lipid made of one glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. Forms bilayers in cell membranes due to hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Add ethanol to the sample, shake, then add water. Positive result: cloudy white emulsion forms.

DNA is a double-stranded helix made of two polynucleotide chains. Each nucleotide consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G).

Adenine pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine pairs with guanine via three hydrogen bonds.

RNA is a single-stranded polynucleotide. Each nucleotide consists of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, U, C, G).

DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases, unwinding the double helix during DNA replication.

DNA polymerase joins nucleotides together by forming phosphodiester bonds during DNA replication.

DNA replication where each new molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesised strand.

ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. It is a nucleotide derivative.

ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and Pi, releasing energy for cellular processes. The reaction is catalysed by ATP hydrolase.

ATP is resynthesised from ADP and Pi during respiration or photosynthesis. The reaction is catalysed by ATP synthase.

Water is a polar molecule, has high specific heat capacity, high latent heat of vaporisation, is cohesive, and is a solvent.

Water is a solvent, a medium for transport, provides thermal stability, and is involved in metabolic reactions like hydrolysis.

H⁺ ions determine pH, affecting enzyme activity and metabolic processes.

Fe²⁺ ions are a component of haemoglobin, allowing oxygen to bind and be transported in the blood.

Na⁺ ions are involved in co-transport of glucose and amino acids across membranes.

PO₄³⁻ ions are a component of DNA, RNA, and ATP, and are involved in energy transfer and structural roles.