physics chp 1-4 Flashcards

A system where energy is held, such as thermal, kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, chemical, magnetic, electrostatic, and nuclear.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between stores or dissipated.

The transfer of energy when a force moves an object. Work done = force × distance (W = F × d).

The rate of energy transfer or work done. Power = energy transferred ÷ time (P = E ÷ t).

The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C. Formula: ΔE = m × c × Δθ.

The current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it, provided the temperature remains constant (V = I × R).

A circuit where components are connected end-to-end, so the current is the same through all components.

A circuit where components are connected across common points, so the voltage is the same across each branch.

Mass per unit volume of a substance. Formula: density = mass ÷ volume (ρ = m ÷ V).

The total energy of particles in a substance, including kinetic and potential energy.

The energy required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperature. Formula: E = m × L.

A type of radiation consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, emitted from the nucleus during alpha decay.

A high-energy electron emitted from the nucleus during beta decay.

The time taken for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay.

The splitting of a large nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing energy.

The joining of two small nuclei to form a larger nucleus, releasing energy.