geography Flashcards

A process where air is trapped and forced into cracks in the river bank, causing erosion.

Discrete or categorical data should be presented using a bar chart, not a line graph.

Less pollution leads to a better lifestyle.

Creates social challenges like overcrowding and economic challenges like unemployment.

Water flows faster, causing erosion on the outside bend.

Water flows slower, allowing sediment to be deposited on the inside bend.

Remind the examiner you have considered both sides of the argument and use key words from the question.

Rest of Asia: 26.1%, India: 10.9%, Europe: 6.5% (to 1 decimal point).

Erosion caused by rocks and sediment scraping against the riverbed and banks.

Rocks and pebbles collide and break into smaller, smoother pieces.

Dissolving of soluble minerals in the water, contributing to erosion.

Increased surface runoff due to impermeable surfaces, leading to higher flood risk.

Flat land adjacent to a river, prone to flooding and often fertile due to sediment deposition.

Large boulders and rocks are rolled along the riverbed by the force of the water.

Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the riverbed by the water.

Fine particles like silt and clay are carried within the water flow.

Dissolved minerals are transported within the water.

The volume of water flowing through a river channel at a given time.

A graph showing river discharge over time, often after a rainfall event.

The delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge in a river.

Man-made structures like dams and levees used to control rivers and reduce flooding.

Natural approaches like afforestation and floodplain zoning to manage rivers sustainably.

An embankment built along a river to prevent flooding.

Occurs due to erosion on the outside bend and deposition on the inside bend of a river.

A U-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main river channel.

A feature formed where hard rock overlays soft rock, leading to vertical erosion.

A steep-sided valley formed as a waterfall retreats upstream.

Restricting land use in areas prone to flooding to minimise damage.

Impermeable surfaces increase runoff, reducing infiltration and increasing flood risk.

The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

A smaller river or stream that flows into a larger river.

The point where two rivers meet.

The starting point of a river, often in upland areas.

The point where a river flows into a sea or lake.

Projections of land that rivers flow around in their upper course.

A valley with steep sides formed by vertical erosion in the upper course of a river.

A steep bank formed on the outside bend of a meander due to erosion.

A gentle slope formed on the inside bend of a meander due to deposition.

A landform created at the mouth of a river where sediment is deposited.

The tidal part of a river where it meets the sea.

A hard engineering method to reduce flooding by increasing river flow speed.

Planting trees to increase interception and reduce surface runoff.

Using methods that balance environmental, social, and economic needs.

Dominated by vertical erosion, creating steep-sided valleys.

Lateral erosion widens the river channel and valley.

Minimal erosion; deposition dominates as the river slows down.

The continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans.

The process where water changes from liquid to gas due to heat.

Water vapour cools and changes into liquid droplets, forming clouds.

Water falls to the ground as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

Water soaks into the soil from the surface.

Water moves deeper into the soil and rock layers.

Water flows over the land surface when infiltration is limited.

Water moves through underground rock layers towards rivers.

Water moves through the soil towards rivers.

Vegetation catches and stores precipitation before it reaches the ground.

The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

The boundary separating one drainage basin from another.

The seasonal pattern of a river's discharge.

A sudden and severe flood caused by intense rainfall.

Rainfall intensity, land use, vegetation, and geology.

Rock that does not allow water to pass through, increasing runoff.

Rock that allows water to pass through, reducing runoff.

Reduces interception, increasing surface runoff and flood risk.

Creates impermeable surfaces, increasing runoff and reducing infiltration.

Returning a river to its natural state to improve ecosystems and reduce flooding.

Alerts issued to prepare communities for potential flooding.

An artificial channel built to divert excess water away from urban areas.

A large artificial lake used to store water and control river flow.

Removing sediment from the riverbed to increase channel capacity.

A flat area formed by the river cutting down into its floodplain.

A deep pool formed at the base of a waterfall due to erosion.

Material carried by a river, including sediment and rocks.

The maximum size of particles a river can transport.

The total amount of material a river can carry.

Occurs when a river loses energy and drops its load.

Reduced gradient, slower flow, and increased load.

Occurs when a river splits into smaller channels due to deposition.

Heavy rainfall, deforestation, urbanisation, and steep slopes.

Damage to property, infrastructure, and businesses.

Loss of homes, displacement, and health risks.

Damage to habitats, water pollution, and soil erosion.

Hard engineering, soft engineering, and sustainable approaches.

Effective at reducing flood risk and protecting urban areas.

Expensive, can damage ecosystems, and may increase flooding downstream.

Cheaper, sustainable, and works with natural processes.

Less effective in severe flood events and slower to implement.

Includes causes, impacts, and management strategies for a specific river.

Focuses on how a river was returned to its natural state and the benefits achieved.

Examines how urban growth affects river systems and flood risk.

The accumulation of sediment in a river channel, reducing capacity.

Straightening and deepening a river channel to improve flow.

The area from which a river collects its water.

The normal flow of a river supplied by groundwater.